نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه علوم زراعی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ارومیه

2 استادیار گروه علوم خاک دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ارومیه

3 دانشجوی دکتری گروه علوم زراعی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ارومیه

چکیده

به منظور بررسی تأثیر کودهای آلی، زیستی و شیمیایی بر خصوصیات کمی و کیفی آویشن دنایی، آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار و هشت تیمار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ارومیه اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل: کود شیمیایی (100 درصد)، کود زیستی (فسفاته بارور 2 + ازتو باکتر)، کود دامی، تیمارهای تلفیقی %50 کود شیمیایی + کود زیستی، 100 % کود شیمیایی + کود دامی، کود زیستی + کود دامی، 50 % کود شیمیایی + زیستی + کود دامی و تیمار شاهد بود. نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد تلفیقی کودهای شیمیایی و آلی سبب بهبود خصوصیات کمی و کیفی آویشن از جمله محتوای رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی نسبت به کاربرد مستقل کودها شد. بیشترین عملکرد اقتصادی (72/74 g m-2)، ماده خشک (42/156 g m-2) و عملکرد اسانس (36/5 g m-2) در تیمار 50 % کود شیمیایی+ کود زیستی + کود دامی بدست آمد. علاوه براین، کاربرد تلفیقی 50 % کود شیمیایی+ کود زیستی + کود دامی باعث افزایش غلظت عناصـر آهن (Fe)، روی (Zn) و مس (Cu) در آویشن شد. مقادیر فنل کل (12/30 %)، فلاونوئید (22/26 %) و فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی (95/15 %) آویشن نیز در تیمار مذکور افزایش یافت. نتایج این تحقیق حاکی از آن است که کاربرد تلفیقی کودهای آلی، زیستی و شیمیایی در بهبود صفات کمی و کیفی گیاه دارویی آویشن تأثیر مثبت داشت و بهتر است برای افزایش راندمان محصولات کشاورزی از نهاده‌های آلی و زیستی به جای کودهای شیمیایی با هدف کاهش آلودگی در راستای نیل به کشاورزی پایدار مصرف شود. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation the effect of organic, biological and chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Thymus daenensis Celak

نویسندگان [English]

  • A. Rahimi 1
  • B. Doulati 2
  • S. Heydarzadeh 3

1 Assistance Professor of Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia

2 Assistance Professor of Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia

3 Ph.D Student in Agroecology, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia

چکیده [English]

Introduction Lamiaceae, formerly called Labiatae, the mint family of flowering plants with 236 genera and more than 7,000 species, the largest family of the order Lamiales and many species are cultivated for their fragrant leaves and attractive flowers. Thymus daenensis is native to Iran and growing in many parts of Iran, the plant is extensively used in folk medicine and has a wide variety of essential oils. Medicinal and aromatic plants have antioxidant compounds such as polyphenols which decrease oxidative stress in cells of plants and animals. In recent decades, excessive use of chemical fertilizers in order to increase the yield of agricultural products has caused many problems in economic and environmental aspects.
The biofertilizer plays an important role in nitrogen fixation, iron sequestration, and phosphate solubilization, thus making these complex organic molecules available for utilization by the plants.
Biofertilizers are the microbial inoculants that colonize the rhizosphere and improve plant growth by enhancing nutrient accessibility to plants. However, biofertilizers perform more than one mechanism for accomplishing plant growth enhancement. These abilities are of great agriculture importance as far as crop yield and soil fertility improvement is concerned, thus decreasing the ill effects of chemical-based fertilizers in our environment. For instance, excessive use of chemical N fertilizers causes soil acidifcation and, thus, groundwater and atmospheric pollution. Nonetheless, synthesis of chemical fertilizers is highly energy-consuming processes. Chemical based fertilizers impose long-lasting effects on the atmosphere in terms of carbon footprint, eutrophication, and soil fertility decline. However, the control of chemical and biological properties of soil is important in the quantity and quality of agricultural crops. Few reports reveal that in case of controlled soil conditions, signifcant enhancement in crop production was achieved through biofertilizer applications. Thus, this research was carried out with the aim of studying the effect of independent and combined use of biological and chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative properties of thyme.
Materials and Methods The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of biofertilizers (phosphate Barvar-2 and Azotobacter), manure (cow manure), and chemical (NPK) on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Thymus daenensis. Physicochemical properties of study soil (calcium carbonate equilibrium, pH, OC, EC, micro and macro elements, soil texture) and was determined by standard methods. A factorial experiment based on randomized completely design was carried out with eight treatments including chemical fertilizer (100%), biofertilizers (phosphate Barow-2 and Azotobacter) (100%), cow manure (100%), combined treatment: chemical + biofertilizer 50%, chemical + cow manure 50%, biofertilizer,+ cow manure 50%, biofertilizer + chemical + cow manure 50% and control at three replications. Seeds of Thymus daenensis were treated before cultivate with biofertilizers (phosphate Barvar-2 and Azotobacter) with 100 g ha-1 based on the recommended guidelines (10^8 active bacteria g-1 of biofertilizer). Seeds were cultured in perlite and pit moss culture beds. Transplant was transmitted to the farm at the end of April. Thymus product was harvested at flowering stage. Economic performance of thymus including leaf and inflorescence weight was calculated after drying of bushes. Essential oil content was measured using clevenger. Physiological and antioxidant propertiese including chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, cartenoids, total phenolic content and flavnoieds were measured (Lichtenthaler and Wellburn, 1987; Horwist, 1984). Essential oil yield was obtained from essential oil percentage in dry matter yield of thymus.
Results The results showed that the integrated application of biofertiliizers was significant in qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Thymus daenensis. Based on the results, shoot dry yield (156.26 g m-2), essential oil yield (5.36 g m-2) and economic yield (74.72 g m-2) in 50% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer + cow manure treatment were higher as compared to other treatments. Integrated application of organic and chemical fertilizers improved the content of photosynthetic pigmentation and increased the concentration of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in thymus. Aso, combined application of 50% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer + manure increased total phenol (30.12%), flavonoids (22.26%) and antioxidant activity (15.95%) of thymus compared to control treatment.
Conclusion The results showed that the chemical fertilizers to start production and compensate for the fertilizer source and biofertilizers for the continuous of the presence of nutrients in soil are important. Consequently, the combination of chemical fertilizer (NPK) and biofertilizers could be recommended as a suitable nutrition source for plant as well as the improvement of soil physical and chemical properties. Accordingly, chemical fertilizers consumption are hazardous for human severely affect ecological balance in the environment. Therefore, the success related to biofertilizers depends on inventions of innovative strategies which are related to the functions of different beneficial bacteria and their proper application to the fields through advanced and improved techniques.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Wheat seed
  • Losses
  • Cleaning machine
  • Purity percentage
  1. Abdel-Sabor, M.F., and El-Seoud, M.A.A. 1996. Effects of organic waste compost addition on sesams growth yield and chemical composition. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 6(2-3): 157-164.
  2. Alizadeh, A., Khoshkhui, M., Javidnia, K., Firuzi, O.R., Tafazoli, E., and Khalighi. A. 2010. Effects of fertilizer on yield, essential oil composition, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in Satureja hortensis L. (Lamiaceae) cultivated in Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(1): 33-40.
  3. Annamalai, A., Lakshmi, P.T.V., Lalithakumari, D., and Murugesan, K. 2004. Optimization of biofertilizers on growth, biomass and seed yield of Phyllanthus amarus (Bhumyamalaki) in sandy loam soil. Journal of medicinal and aromatic plant sciences, 26 (4): 717 - 20.
  4. Arazmjo, E., Heidari, M., and Ghanbari, A. 2010. Effect of water stress and type of fertilizer on yield and quality of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 12 (2): 100-111. (In Farsi).
  5. Ateia, E.M., Osman, Y.A.H., and Meawad, A.E.A.H. 2009. Effect of organic fertilization on yield and active constituents of Thymus vulgaris L. under North Sinai conditions. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 5 (4): 555 - 65.
  6. Ayneband, A. 2014. Agroecology. Chamran University Press. 621pp
  7. Azzaz, N.A., Hassan, E.A., and Hamad, E.H. 2009. The chemical constituent and vegetative and yielding characteristics of fennel plants treated with organic and biofertilizer instead of mineral fertilizer. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 3 (2): 579 - 87.
  8. Behera, B.C., Singdevsachan, S.K., Mishra, R.R., Dutta, S.K., and Thatoi, H.N. 2014. Diversity, mechanism and biotechnology of phosphate solubilizing microorganism in mangrove-A review. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 3: 97–110.
  9. Bowery Deh Sheikh, P., Mahmoudi Surstani, M, Zolfaghari, M., and Enaytiizmir, N. 2017. The study on the effect of biological and chemical fertilizers and humic acid on the growth, physiological characteristics and essential oil content of catnip (Nepeta cataria L.). Journal of Plant Production Research, 24(2): 61-76. (In Farsi).
  10. Bravo, L. 1998. Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance. Nutrition reviews, 56(11): 317-333.
  11. Carrubba, A. 2009. Nitrogen fertilisation in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.): A Review and Meta- Analysis. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89 (6): 921 - 6.
  12. Chen, J.H. 2008. The combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers and/or biofertilizer for crop growth and soil fertility. International workshop on sustained management of the soil-rhizosphere system for efficient crop production and fertilizer use. National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan, 1-9 pp.
  13. Darzi, M.T., Haj Seyd Hadi, M.R., and Rejali, F. 2012. Effects of Cattle Manure and Biofertilizer Application on Biological Yield, Seed Yield and Essential Oil in Coriander (Coriandrum sativum). Journal of Medicinal Plant, 2(42): 77-90.
  14. Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., Navai, S.F., and Dehpour, A.A. 2011. Antioxidant activity of hydroalcholic extract of ferulagummosa Boiss roots. US National Library of Medicinal National Institutes of Health. 15(6): 658-664.
  15. Eghball, B., Weinhold, B.J., Gilley, J.E., and Eigenberg, R.A. 2002. Mineralazation of manure nutrients. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 56 (6): 470 - 8.
  16. Emami bistgani, Z., Syadat, S.E., Bakhshande, E., and Ghasemi pirbaloti, E. 2014.The effect of Chemical, organic fertilizers and chitosan on physiological characteristics and the Phenolic Compounds of thyme daenensis (Thymus deanensis Celak) in shahrekord area. Better crops Research, 7:1-11. (In Farsi).
  17. Emami bistgani, Z., Syadat, S.E., Bakhshande, E., and Ghasemi pirbaloti, E. 2014. The effect of Chemical, organic fertilizers and chitosan on physiological characteristics and the Phenolic Compounds of thyme daenensis (Thymus deanensis Celak) in shahrekord area. Better crops research. 7:1-11. (In Farsi).
  18. Ghasemzadeh, A., Azarifar, M., Soroodi, O., and Jaafar, H.Z. 2012. Flavonoid compounds and their antioxidant activity in extract of some tropical plants. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(13): 2639-2643
  19. Ghosh, P.K., Mandal, K.G., Wangari, R.H., and Hati, K.M. 2002. Optimization of fertilizer schedules in fallow and groundnut-based cropping systems and an assessment of system sustainability. Field Crops Research, 80: 83-98.
  20. Gryndler, M., Sudova, R., and Rydlova, J. 2008. Cultivation of high-biomass crops on mine spoil banks: Can microbial inoculation compensate for high doses of organic matter?. Bioresource Technology, 99: 6391–6399.
  21. Hamzei, E., and Najari, S. 2014. Evaluation of the possibility of reducing nitrogen fertilizer application using nitroxin biofertilizer in the production of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) medicinal plant. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 4(23):57-70.
  22. Horwitz, W. 1984. Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 14th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC.
  23. Jahan, M., Koocheki, A., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2007. The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and free living nitrogen fixing bacteria on growth, photosynthesis and yield of corn (Zea mays L.) in conventional and ecological cropping systems. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 5(1): 53-69. (In Farsi).
  24. Jalilian, J., and Heydarzadeh, S. 2015. Effect of cover crops, organic and chemical fertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius). Science Agricultural and Sustainable Production. 25: 71-85. (In Farsi).
  25. Javanmard, A., Mustafavi, H., Khezri, A., and Mohammadi, S. 2015. Improvement of Macro and Micro Nutrients Accumulation in Maize (Zea mays L.) Grain by Application of Chemical and Biological Fertilizers. Science Agricultural and Sustainable Production. 25(4): 42-27.
  26. Jha, P., Ram, M., Khan, M.A., Kiran, U., Uzzafar, M., and Abdinb, M.Z. 2011. Impact of organic manure and chemical fertilizers on artemisinin content and yield in Artemisia annua L, Industrial Crops and Products, 33(2): 396-301.
  27. Jia, Z., Tang, M., and Wu, J. 1999. The determination of flavonoid content in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry, 64: 555-559.
  28. Kalyanasundaram, B., Kumar, T.S., Kumar, S., and Swaminathan, V. 2008. Effect of N, P, with biofertilizers and vermicompost on growth and physiological characteristics of sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.). Advances in Plant Science, 2008; 21 (1): 323 - 6.
  29. Lichtenthaler, H.K. 1987. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods Enzymol, 148:350–382
  30. Loomis, W.D., and Corteau, R. 1972. Essential oil biosynthesis. Recent advances Phytochemistry, 6: 147-185. 31. Mahanta, D., Rai, R.K., Mishra, S.D., Raja, A., Purakayastha, T.J., and Varghese, E. 2014. Influence of phosphorus and biofertilizers on soybean and wheat root growth and properties. Field Crops Research, 166:1-9.
  31. McKey, D. 1979. The distribution of secondary compounds within plants. In: Rosenthal GA, Janzen DH, editors. Herbivores: their interaction with secondary plant metabolites. Academic Press, New York. Pp. 55-133.
  32. Mohammadi, K.h., and Sohrabi, Y. 2012. Bacteral biofertilizer for sustainable crop production: A Review. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 5 (7): 307-316.
  33. Moradi, P., Falsafi, T., Saffari, N., Rahimi, E., Momtaz, H., and Hanedi, B. 2017. Chemical composition and antimicrobial effects of Thymus daenensis on Helicobacter pylori. Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications, 10 (1): 137-142.
  34. Muller, V., Lankes, C., Zimmermann, B.F., Noga, G., and Hunsche, M. 2013. Centelloside accumulation in leaves of Centella asiatica is determined by resource partitioning between primary and secondary metabolism while influenced by supply levels of either nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium. Journal of Plant Physiology, 170(13): 1165-1175.
  35. Murwira, H.K. and Kirchmann, H. 1993. Carbon and nitrogen mineralization of cattle manures subjected to different treatments in Zimbabwean and Swedish soils. In: Mulongoy, J. and Merckx, R. (Eds.). Soil Organic Matter Dynamics and Sustainability of Tropical Agriculture. John Wiley., Chichester, UK, 189-198 pp.
  36. Nguyen, P.M., Kwee, E.M., and Niemeyer, E.D. 2010. Potassium rate alters the antioxidant capacity and phenolic concentration of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves. Food Chemistry, 123(4): 1235-1241.
  37. Nikavar, B., and Mojab, F. 2005. Investigating the Essential oil constitutes of Thyme (Thymus daenensis L.) flowers. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 1 (12): 45-50.
  38. Perkin, E. 1982. Analytical methods for atomic absorbtion spectrophotometry.
  39. Pirbalouti, A.G., Samani, M.R., Hashemi, M., and Zeinali, H. 2014. Salicylic acid affects growth, essential oil and chemical compositions of thyme (Thymus daenensis Celak.) under reduced irrigation. Plant growth regulation, 72(3): 289-301.
  40. Rahimifard, N., Pakzad, S.R., Shoeibi, S., Hedayati, M.H., Hajimehdipour, H., Motaharinia, V., Mehrafshan, L., Javadi, A., and PiraliHamedani, M . 2009. Effects of Essential oil and Extract of Thymus vulgaris, Zataria multiflora and Eugenia caryophilata on Vero, Hela, HepII cell lines by MTT Assay. Journal of Medicinal Plant, 2(30): 152-156.
  41. Rai, S.N., and Gaur, A.C. 1988. Characterization of Azotobacter spp. Effect of Azotobacter and Azospirillum as inoculant on the yield and N-uptake of wheat crop. Plant Soil, 34: 131-134
  42. Safaei, L., Sharifi Ashoorabadi, E., Afiuni, D., Davazdah Emami, S., and Shoaii, A. 2014. The effect of different nutrition systems on aerial parts and essential oil yield of Thymus daenensis Celak. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 30 (5): 702-7013.
  43. Salama, Z.A., El Baz, F.K., Gaafar, A.A., and Zaki, M.F. 2015. Antioxidant activities of phenolics, flavonoids and vitamin C in two cultivars of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) in responses to organic and bio-organic fertilizers. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 14(1): 91-99.
  44. Sharifi Ashoorabadi, E., Ghalavand, A., Noormohamadi, A., Matin, A., Amin, G., Babakhanloo, P., Lebaschy, M.H., and Sefidkon, F. 2001. Effect of fertilization and manure on seed yield and biomass of fennel. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 7: 3-25.
  45. Singh, M., and Ramesh, S. 2000. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen on herbage, oil yield and water-use efficiency in rosemary grown under semi-arid tropical conditions. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 22 (1): 659-662.
  46. Sousa, C., Pereira, D.M., Pereira, J.A., Bento, A., Rodrigues, M.A., Dopico-Garcı´a, S., Valenta˜o, P., Lopes, G., Ferreres, F., Seabra, R.M., and Andrade, P.B. 2008. Multivariate analysis of tronchuda cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. costata DC) phenolics: influence of fertilizers. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56: 2231–2239.
  47. Van Loon, L.C., and Glick, B.R. 2004. Increased plant fitness by rhizobacteria. In: Sandermann, H. (Ed), Ecological Suites. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 178-205 pp.
  48. Vessey, J.K. 2003. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as bio-fertilizer. Plant and Soil, 255: 571-586.
  49. Waling, I., Van Vark, W., Houba, V.J.G., and Van der Lee, J.J. 1989. Soil and plant analysis, a series of syllabi, Part 7, Plant Analysis Procedures, Wageningen Agriculture University.
  50. Yolcu, H., Gunes, A., Dasci, M., Turan, M., and Serin, Y. 2010. The effects of solid, liquid and combined cattle manure applications on the yield, quality and mineral contents of common vetch and barley intercropping mixture. Ekoloji, 19 (75): 71-81.
  51. Yuosefzade, S., Naghdibadi, H., Sabaghniya, N., Janmohamad, M. 2016. The effect of foliar application of nano-iron chelate on physiological and chemical traits of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica, L). Journal of Medicinal Plants, 15: 60, 152 - 160.
  52. Zarrabi, M.M., Mafakheri, S., Hajivand, S., and Arvane, A. 2016. Effect of organic and chemical fertilization on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm). Plant Production Technology. 17(1): 113-124.
  53. Zarshenas, M.M., and Krenn, L. 2015. A critical overview on Thymus daenensis Celak. phytochemical and pharmacological investigations. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 13 (2): 91 - 98.