مهندسی زراعی

تأثیر بیوچار غنی‌شده بر ویژگی های رشدی و فیزیولوژیکی ذرت علوفه ای کشت‌شده در خاک آلوده به آرسنیک تحت شرایط کم آبیاری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

مریم موسی پور 1
افسانه عالی نژادیان 2
محمد فیضیان 3
امیر لکزیان 4

1 دانشجوی دکتری علوم خاک، گروه مهندسی علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران.

2 دانشیار، گروه مهندسی علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران.

3 دانشیار، گروه مهندسی علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران

4 استاد، گروه مهندسی علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22055/agen.2025.46964.1729
چکیده
پژوهش حاضر در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با آرایش فاکتوریل در 3 تکرار به‌صورت گلدانی بر روی ذرت علوفه‌ای در خاک آلوده به آرسنیک اجرا شد. فاکتورهای آزمایشی شامل 5 سطح بیوچار: شاهد (عدم کاربرد بیوچار)، 5/0 و 1 درصد وزنی بیوچار، 5/0 و 1 درصد وزنی بیوچار غنی‌شده با نانو ذرات عنصر روی و سه سطح آبیاری (100، 75 و 55 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که بیش‌‌ترین وزن‌تر (95/43 گرم در گلدان) و خشک برگ (36/5 گرم در گلدان) در تیمار 5/0 درصد وزنی بیوچار غنی‌شده، بیش‌ترین (ارتفاع (86/87 سانتی‌متر)، کلروفیل a (52/17 میلی‌گرم بر گرم وزن‌تر برگ) و کلروفیل کل (26 میلی‌گرم بر گرم وزن‌تر برگ) در تیمار یک درصد بیوچار غنی‌شده و بیش‌ترین کلروفیل b (73/8 میلی‌گرم بر گرم وزن‌تر برگ)،کارتنوئید (69/5 میلی‌گرم بر گرم وزن‌تر برگ 5)، محتوی نسبی آب برگ (19/79 درصد) در تیمار یک درصد بیوچار ساده و سطح آبیاری کامل (100 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) مشاهده گردید و کم‌ترین مقدار ویژگی‌های مذکور در تیمار شاهد (عدم کاربرد بیوچار) و سطح آبیاری 55 درصد ظرفیت زراعی مشاهده شد. نتایج همچنین نشان داد بیش‎ترین (21/17 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم) و کمترین (74/11 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم) آرسنیک قابل‌دسترس خاک به ترتیب در تیمار 5/0 درصد بیوچار غنی‌شده و تیمار شاهد (عدم استفاده از بیوچار) در سطح آبیاری کامل، بیش‌ترین روی جذب‌شده در برگ (04/393 میکرو‌گرم در گلدان) در تیمار یک درصد بیوچار غنی‌شده و آبیاری کامل و کمترین مقدار (55/105 میکرو‌گرم در گلدان) در تیمار شاهد (عدم استفاده بیوچار) وکم-آبیاری شدید (55 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) مشاهده شده؛ درحالی‌که بیشترین مقدار جذب آرسنیک در برگ (58/18 میکرو-گرم در گلدان) در تیمار شاهد (عدم استفاده از بیوچار) و کم-آبیاری شدید (55 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) و کم‌ترین مقدار (34/2 میکرو‌گرم در گلدان) در تیمار یک درصد بیوچار غنی‌شده و آبیاری کامل مشاهده شد؛ که می‌تواند به نقش مؤثر بیوچار غنی-شده در کاهش جذب آرسنیک در شرایط کم‌آبیاری شدید مرتبط باشد. درنهایت با توجه به اثر مطلوب بیوچار در بهبود ویژگی‌های رشدی ذرت علوفه‌ای و کاهش جذب آرسنیک می‌توان بیان کرد در خاک‌های آلوده به آرسنیک افزودن بیوچار نقش مؤثری در بهبود رشد گیاه در شرایط کم‌آبیاری دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

بیوچار
ذرت علوفه‌ای
فلزهای سنگین
نانوذرات روی
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

The effect of enriched biochar on the growth and physiological characteristics of forage corn (Zea mays L.) grown in arsenic contaminated soil under deficit irrigation conditions

نویسندگان English

maryam mosapour 1
Afsaneh Alinejadian-Bidabadi 2
mohammad feyzian 3
amir lakzian 4
1 Ph.D. student in Soil Science, Department of Soil Science Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
4 Professor, Department of Soil Science Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran
چکیده English

Introduction: Today, the use of biochar to reduce the adverse effects of environmental stress such as heavy metal stress and drought stress has increased rapidly. Biochar reduces the adsorption of these metals by plants through the adsorption of soil pollutants on its surface due to the porous system and the presence of important functional groups such as carboxyl, phenolic and hydroxyl. Research has shown that by changing the surface characteristics of biochar, including specific surface area, pore volume and the content of functional groups, especially oxygen-containing groups, it is possible to increase the ability of biochar to adsorb heavy metals. Another important solution that has been started today to improve the quality of soil, agricultural products and remove pollutants is the use of nanotechnology. Today, zinc oxide nanoparticles are used in agriculture and related sectors. Zinc is a mineral element for plant growth and has beneficial and harmful effects on various aspects of plant growth. Forage corn (Zea mays) is one of the most important grains in the world and is very important in providing energy for animals. According to the studies conducted, one of the most important factors that has reduced the yield of forage corn in the world is drought stress, in addition to this, heavy metals may also be involved in this matter, so although there are various solutions to overcome the stress drought and pollution caused by heavy metals in forage corn, however, the effect of biochar enriched with zinc nanoparticles in these conditions has not been well investigated; Therefore, considering the importance of the forage corn in the human and livestock food chain, the main objective of this research is the role of biochar and biochar enriched with zinc nanoparticles in reducing the negative effects of deficit irrigation and arsenic on some morphological and physiological characteristics of forage corn.

Materials and Methods: Experimental factors include 5 levels of biochar: control (no use of biochar), 0.5 and 1% by weight of plain biochar, 0.5 and 1% by weight of biochar enriched with zinc nanoparticles and three irrigation levels: control (100), 75 and 55% of Field Capacity (FC)). In this study, green walnut skin was used to prepare biochar. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were used for biochar enrichment. At first, 0.2 % of the weight of biochar was weighed from nanoparticles, and then it was brought to a certain volume with distilled water. The produced suspension was shaken overnight at room temperature. After this step, the sediment produced was washed several times and dried in an oven at 100 degrees for 12 hours. Then it was weighed according to the experimental treatments and mixed separately with the soil of the pot, which was previously contaminated with arsenic from the source of Na2HAsO4.7H2O in the amount of 50 mg/kg of soil. To determine the FC, the weight method was used, and based on the soil moisture level, the levels of 75 and 55% of the FC were calculated, and the test plants were irrigated by the weight method of the pots every other day. After the completion of the vegetative growth and before entering the reproductive growth, the samples were taken. Then some morphological and physiological traits of the plant were measured.

Results and Discussion: The results showed that the application of biochar (unenriched) and enriched biochar reduced the negative effect of arsenic and deficit irrigation. So that the highest fresh weight (43.95 gr per pot) and dry weight (5.36 gr per pot) of leaves in the treatment of 0.5% weight enriched biochar, the highest, height (87.86 cm), chlorophyll a (17.52 mg/g leaf weight) and total chlorophyll (26 mg/g leaf weight) in the treatment of 1% enriched biochar and the most chlorophyll b (8.73 mg/g leaf weight), cartenoid (5.65 mg/g leaf weight), RWC (79.19%) was observed in the treatment of 1% biochar (unenriched) and control treatment (100% FC). The results also showed that the highest (17.21 mg/kg) and the lowest (11.74 mg/kg) available arsenic were in the 0.5% enriched biochar treatment and the control treatment (no use of biochar) respectively, highest zinc uptake in leaf (393.04 µ/ pot) in the treatment of 1% enriched biochar and full irrigation (100% FC) and the lowest amount (105.55 04 µ/pot) in the control treatment (no use of biochar) and severe irrigation deficiency (55% FC) was observed; While highest arsenic uptake in leaf (18.58 µ/pot) in the control treatment (no use of biochar) and severe deficit irrigation (55% FC) and the lowest amount (2.34 µ/pot) in The treatment of 1% enriched biochar and complete irrigation was observed; which can be related to the effective role of enriched biochar in reducing arsenic absorption in severe irrigation conditions.

Conclusion: Considering the favorable effect of biochar in improving the growth and physiological characteristics of forage corn and reducing the absorption of arsenic at different levels of irrigation, it can be said that in soils contaminated with arsenic, the addition of biochar plays an effective role in improving plant growth in deficit irrigation.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Biochar
Forage corn
Heavy metals
Zn Nanoparticles
  1. Abbasi Surki, A., Nazari, M., Fallah, S., Iranipour, R., and Mousavi, A. 2020. The competitive effect of almond trees on light and nutrients absorption, crop growth rate, and the yield in almond–cereal agroforestry systems in semi-arid regions. Journal of Agroforestry Systems, 94(3): 1111-1122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-019-00469-2
  2. Abdi, N., Van Biljon, A., Steyn, C., and Labuschagne, M. 2023. Zn fertilizer and mycorrhizal inoculation effect on bread wheat cultivar grown under water deficit. Journal of Life, 13(5): https://doi.org/10.3390/life13051078
  3. Alizadeh, O., Majidi Harvan, I., Nadian, H.E., Nurmohammadi, G.h., and Amarian, M.R. 2008. Effect of water stress and different nitrogen rates on phenology, growth and development of corn. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 14 (5): 116-128. (In Persian with English abstract)
  4. Adrees, M., Saeed Khan, Z., Hafeez, M., Rizwan, M., Hussain, K.h., Asrar, M., Alyemeni, M.N., Wijaya, L., and Ali, Sh. 2021. Foliar exposure of zinc oxide nanoparticles improved the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and decreased cadmium concentration in grains under simultaneous Cd and water deficient stress. Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 208: 111627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111627
  5. Ahmad, P., Alyemeni, M.N., Al-Huqail, A., Alqahtani, M., Wijaya, L., Ashraf, M., Kaya, C., and Bajguz, A. 2020. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Application Alleviates Arsenic (As) Toxicity in Soybean Plants by Restricting the Uptake of as and Modulating Key Biochemical Attributes, Antioxidant Enzymes, Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle and Glyoxalase System. Journal of Plants, 9: 825. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9070825
  6. Asghari Moghaddam, A., and Barzegar, I.R. 2015. Considering Factors Affecting High Arsenic Concentration in Groundwater Resources of Tabriz Plain Aquifers. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences, 24(94): 177-190. https://doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2015.43280
  7. Babaei, K., Moghaddam, M., Farhadi, N., and Pirbalouti, A.G. 2021. Morphological, physiological and phytochemical responses of Mexican marigold (Tagetes minuta L.) to drought stress. Journal of Scientia Horticulturae, 284: 110116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110116
  8. Bacelar, E.A., Santos, D.L., Moutinho-Pereira, J.M., Goncalves, B.C., Ferreira, H.F., and Correia, C.M. 2006. Immediate responses and adaptative strategies of three olive cultivars under contrasting water availability regimes: changes on structures and chemical composition of foliage and oxidative damage. Journal of Plant Science, 170: 596-605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.10.014
  9. Bhat, P. 2024. Enhancing Drought and Arsenic Resistance in Oryza sativa by Hyperexpression of Aquaporin Genes. Preprints Organizations. doi: 10.20944/preprints202405.1280.v1
  10. Bakhat, H.F., Zia, Z., Abbas, S., Hammad, H.M., Shahzad, H., Abbas, A., Alharby, H., and Shahid, M. 2017. Arsenic uptake, accumulation and toxicity in rice plants: possible remedies for its detoxification: A review, Journal of Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(10): 9142-9158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8462-2
  11. Barzegar, G., Navabi Kalat, S.M., Khavari Khorasani, S., Ghasemi, M., and Kelidari, A. 2022. Effect of Deficit Irrigation Stress and Plant Density on Antioxidant ‎Enzymes Activity, Compatible Osmolytes, Relative Water Content and Yield of Baby Corn (Pashan Cultivar). Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 15(6):‎ 1370-1381. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.20087942.1400.15.6.12.2 (In Persian with English abstract)
  12. Bandaru, V., Hansen, D.J., Codling, E.E., Daughtry, C.S., White-Hansen, S., and Green, C.E. 2010. Quantifying arsenic-induced morphological changes in spinach leaves: Implications for remote sensing. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 31: 4163–4177. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.498453
  13. Basra, A.S., and Basra, R.K., 1997. Mechanism of environmental stress resistance in plants. First edition, published by Harward Academic, 480 p. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203747803
  14. Baligar, V.C., Fageria, N.K., and He, Z.L. 2001. Nutrient use efficiency in plants. Journal of Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 32: 921-950. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-100104098
  15. Bremner, J.M., and Mulvaney, C.S. 1982. Nitrogen-Total. In: Al P, Keeney DR, Baker DE, Miller RH, editors. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. 2nd edn. Madison, Wisconsin: Soil Science Society of America, pp: 594–624. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed
  16. Chanda, G.K., Bhunia, G., and Chakraborty, S.K. 2011. The effect of vermicompost and other fertilizers on cultivation of tomato plants. Journal of Horticulture and Forestry, 3(2): 42-45.
  17. Esvand, F., Karimi, A., Motaghian, H.R., and Mohammadi, J. 2020. Comparison of biochar effects of cow manure and sugarcane residues on moisture content of sandy loam soil. Journal of Iranian Water Researches, 14(3): 171- 178. (In Persian)
  18. Esmaily, M., Dadashi, M.R., Feyzbakhsh, M.T., Kaboosi, K., and Sheikh, F. 2024. Influence of deficit Irrigation regimes on the quantitative and qualitative yield of forage maize hybrids. Journal of Crop Health, 76(2): 549-560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-024-00973-1
  19. Farooqui, A., Tabassum, H., Ahmad, A., Mabood, A., Ahmad, A., and Ahmad, I. Z. 2016. Role of nanoparticles in growth and development: A review. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences 7: 22 -37. https://doi.org/10.22376/IJPBS.2016.7.4.P22-37
  20. Gapińska, M., Skłodowska, M., and Gabara, B. 2008. Effect of short-and long-term salinity on the activities of antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation in tomato roots. Journal of Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 30(1): 11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-007-0072-z
  21. Gaskin, J., C., Steiner, K., Harris, K., Das, and Bibens, B. 2008. Effect of low-temperature pyrolysis conditions on biochar for agricultural use. Journal of American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 51: 2061-2069. doi:10.13031/2013.25409
  22. Gee, G.W., and Bauder, J.W. 1986. Particle-size analysis. In: Klute, A (Ed.) Methods soil analysis. Part 1: physical and mineralogical methods. Agronomy Monographs series Number 9(1). American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI, USA. pp 383–411. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c15
  23. Gadallah, M.A.A. 2000. Effects of indole-3-acetic acid and zinc on the growth, osmotic potential and soluble carbon and nitrogen components of soybean plants growing under water deficit. Journal of Arid Environments, 44: 451–467. https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.1999.0610
  24. Gullap, M.K., Severoglu, S., Karabacak, T., Yazici, A., Ekinci, M., Turan, M., and Yildirim, E. 2022. Biochar derived from hazelnut shells mitigates the impact of drought stress on soybean seedlings. Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 52(1): 19-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2022.2079680
  25. Ghafariyan, M.H., Malakouti, M.J, Dadpour, M.R., Stroeve, P., and Mahmoudi, M. 2013. Effects of magnetite nanoparticles on soybean chlorophyll. Environmental Science and Technology, 47:10645–10652. https://doi.org/10.1021/es402249b
  26. Gong, B., He, E., Qiu, H., Van Gestel, C.A., Romero-Freire, A., Zhao, L., and Cao, X. 2020. Interactions of arsenic, copper, and zinc in soil-plant system: Partition, uptake and phytotoxicity. Science of The Total Environment, 745: 140926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140926
  27. Graça, J.P., D., Rodrigues, F.A., Farias, J.R.B., Oliveira, M.C.N.D., Hoffmann-Campoand, C.B., and Zingaretti, S.M. 2010. Physiological parameters in sugarcane cultivars submitted to water deficit. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 22(3): 189-197. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202010000300006
  28. Gupta, D.K., and Chatterjee, S. 2017. Arsenic Contamination in the Environment: the issues and solutions. Second edition, Springer International Publishing, p. 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54356-7
  29. Haider, F.U., Coulter, J.A., Cheema, S.A., Farooq, M., Wu, J., and Zhang, R. 2021. Co-application of biochar and microorganisms improves soybean performance and remediate cadmium-contaminated soil. Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 214: 112112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112112
  30. Hassani, Sh., Babaakbari, M., Neyestani, M.R., and Delavar, M.A. 2021. Effect of Magnetite Nanoparticles and Some Iron-Containing Compounds on the Availability of Arsenic, Iron, Zinc and Copper in Soil. Journal of Water and soil (Agricultural Sciences and Technology), 24(6): 1231-1242. https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.2020.14866.0. (In Persian with English abstract)
  31. Hudson Edwards, K.A., Houghton, S.L., and Osborn, A. 2004. Extraction and analysis of arsenic in soils and sediments. Journal of Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 23 (10-11):745-752. DOI:1016/J.TRAC.2004.07.010
  32. Hernández, T., Chocano, C., Moreno, J.L., and García, C., 2016. Use of compost as an alternative to conventional inorganic fertilizers in intensive lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) crops effects on soil and plant. Soil and Tillage Research, 160: 14-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2016.02.005
  33. Jia, W., Yu, Z., Chen, J., Zhang, J., Zhu, J., Yang, W., and Wang, S. 2024. Synergistic effect between biochar and nitrate fertilizer facilitated arsenic immobilization in an anaerobic contaminated paddy soil. Science of the Total Environment, 955: 177007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177007
  34. Kheirizadeh, Y., and Seyed Sharifi, R. 2016. Bio fertilizers and zinc effects on some physiological parameters of triticale under water-limitation condition. Journal of Plant Interactions, 11: 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2016.1262914
  35. Khan, Z. S., Rizwan, M., Hafeez, M., Ali, S., Javed, M. R., and Adrees, M. 2019. The accumulation of cadmium in wheat (Triticum aestivum) as influenced by zinc oxide nanoparticles and soil moisture conditions. Journal of Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 26: 19859-19870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05333-5
  36. Khan, M.A., Yasmin, H., Shah Z.A., Rinklebe, J., Alyemeni, M.N., and Ahmad, P. 2022. Co application of biofertilizer and zinc oxide nanoparticles upregulate protective mechanism culminating improved arsenic resistance in maize. Journal of Chemosphere - Global Change Science, 294:133796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133796

  37. Kumar, A., Singh, E., Mishra, R., and Kumar, S. 2022. Biochar as environmental armour and its diverse role towards protecting soil, water and air. Science of the Total Environment, 806: 150444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150444
  38. Kumar, A., Basu, S., Kumari, S., Shekhar, S., and Kumar, G. 2022. Effective antioxidant defense prevents nitro-oxidative stress under arsenic toxicity: a study in rice genotypes of eastern Indo-Gangetic plains.  Environmental and Experimental­­­­ Botany, 204:­105084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2022.105084
  39. Kumar, A., Kumari, M., Azim, U., Vithanage, M., and Bhattacharya, T. 2023. Garbage to Gains: The role of biochar in sustainable soil quality improvement, arsenic remediation, and crop yield enhancement. Journal of Chemosphere - Global Change Science, 344: 140417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140417
  40. Kumar, A., Bhattacharya, T., Shaikh, W. A., and Roy, A. 2024. Sustainable soil management under drought stress through biochar application: Immobilizing arsenic, ameliorating soil quality, and augmenting plant growth. Journal of Environmental Research, 259: 119531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.119531
  41. Knudsen, D., Peterson, G.A., and Pratt, P.F. 1982. Lithium, sodium and potassium. Part 3. In: Page, A. L. (Ed). Methods of Soil Analysis, Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Soil Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 225-246.
  42. Lichtenthaler, H.K. 1987. Chlorophylls and cartenoides: pigments of hotosynthetice biomembranes. Method in Enzymology, 148: 350-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(87)48036-1
  43. Loreto, F., and Schnitzler, J.P. 2010. Abiotic stresses and induced BVOCs. Trends in Plant Science, 15(3): 154- 166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2009.12.006
  44. Li, C., Zhang, L., Gao, Y., and Li, A. 2018. Facile synthesis of nano ZnO/ZnS modified biochar by directly pyrolyzing of zinc contaminated corn stover for Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cr (VI) removals. Journal of Waste Management, 79: 625 637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.035
  45. Lutts, S., Kint, J.M., and Bouharmont, J. 1996. NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice (Oriza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Journal of Annals of Botany, 78: 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1996.0134
  46. Marschner, H. 2012. Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants. Third edition. Academic press, 672 p.
  47. Ma, X., Sharifan, H., Dou, F., and Sun, W. 2020. Simultaneous reduction of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice by zinc oxide nanoparticles. Chemical Engineering Journal, 384:123802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123802
  48. Meharg, A. A., and Whitaker, J. 2002. Arsenic uptake and metabolism in arsenic resistant and nonresistant plant species. Journal of The New Phytologist Foundation, 154(1): 29-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00363.x
  49. Olsen, S.R. 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate.United States Department of Agriculture; Washington. (No.939).
  50. Osterwalder, S., Huang, J., Shetaya, W., Agnan, Y., Frossard, A., Frey, B., Alewell, C., Kretzschmar, R., Biester, H., and Obrist, D. 2019. Mercury emission from industrially contaminated soils in relation to chemical, microbial, and meteorological factors. Journal of Environmental Pollution, 250: 944–952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.093
  51. Piršelová, B., Galuščáková, Ľ., Lengyelová, L., Kubová, V., Jandová, V., and Hegrová, J. 2022. Assessment of the hormetic effect of arsenic on growth and physiology of two cultivars of maize (Zea mays L).  Journal of Plants (Basel), 11(24): 3433. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243433
  52. Prasad, T.N.V.K.V., Sudhakar, P., Sreenivasulu, Y., Latha, P., Munaswamy, V., Raja Reddy, , Sreeprasad, T.S., Sajanlal, P.R., and Pradeep, T. 2012. Effect of nanoscale zinc oxide particles on the germination, growth and yield of Peanut. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 35(6): 905-927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2012.663443
  53. Penido, E., Martins, S., Mendes, G.C., Melo, T.B.M., Rosário, L.C.A., Guimarães, I., and Guilherme, L.R. 2019. Combining biochar and sewage sludge for immobilization of heavy metals in mining soils. Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 172: 326-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.110
  54. Pourmansour, S., Razzaghi, F., Sepaskhah, A., and Moosavi, A. 2018. Wheat growth and yield investigation under different levels of biochar and deficit irrigation under greenhouse conditions. Journal of Water and Irrigation Management, 9 (1): 15-28. https://doi.org/10.22059/jwim.2019.278053.665 (In Persian with English abstract)
  55. Rahman, M.M., Das, A.K., Sultana, S., Ghosh, P.K., Islam, M.R., Keya, S.S., and Mostofa, M.G. 2023. Biochar potentially enhances maize tolerance to arsenic toxicity by improving physiological and biochemical responses to excessive arsenate. Journal of Biochar, 5(1): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42773-023-00270-6
  56. Rai, P., Singh, V.P., Sharma, S., Tripathi, D.K., and Sharma, S. 2022. Iron oxide nanoparticles impart cross tolerance to arsenate stress in rice roots through involvement of nitric oxide. Journal of Environmental Pollution, 307: 119320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119320
  57. Rhoades, J.D. 1996. Salinity: electrical conductivity and total dissolved soils. In: Sparks, D.L. (Ed.), Methods of Soils Analysis, Part 3: Chemical Methods. Soil Science Society of America Book series Number 5, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 417-435.
  58. Ritchie, S.W., Nguyen, H.T., and Holaday, A.S. 1990. Leaf water content and gas‐exchange parameters of two wheat genotypes differing in drought resistance. Crop Science, 30(1): 105-111. https://doi:10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183X003000010025x
  59. Rodriguez-Ruiz, M., Aparicio-Chacon, M.V., Palma, J.M., and Corpas, G.J. 2018. Arsenate disrupts ion balance, sulfur and nitric oxide metabolisms in roots and leaves of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants. Journal of Environmental and Experimental Botany, 161: 143-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.06.028
  60. Sattar, A., Sher, A., Abourehab, M. A., Ijaz, M., Nawaz, M., Ul-Allah, S., and Javaid, M.M. 2022. Application of silicon and biochar alleviates the adversities of arsenic stress in maize by triggering the morpho-physiological and antioxidant defense mechanisms. Journal of Toxicology, Pollution and the Environment, 10: 979049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.979049
  61. Sadeghzadeh, B., Ghodsizad, L., Sadeghzadeh, N., Sepehr, I., and Feizi, M. 2021. Cereal Breeding For Zinc Deficiency and Its Importance to Alleviate Drought Stress. Journal of Crop Breeding, 13(37): 22-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/jcb.13.37.22
  62. Sotoudeh, A., Sakinejad, T., Shkoh Far, A., Lek, S., and Mojdam, M. 2022. Effect of magnesium and potassium foliar application on morphological, biochemical and functional characteristics of corn (Zea mays L.) under water deficit stress. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 3(63): 307-324. DOI:10.30495/JCEP.2022.1913625.1729 (In Persian with English abstract)
  63. Singh, B., Camps-Arbestain, M., and J. Lehmann. 2017. Biochar pH, electrical conductivity and liming potential. In: Singh, B., Mei Dolk, M., Shen, Q. and Camps-Arbestain, M. (Ed.). Biochar: A Guide to Analytical Methods. Csiro Publishing. London, New York, pp. 23-38.
  64. Subramanian, S., Blanton, L., Frese, S., Charbonneau, M., Mills, D., and Gordon, J.  2015. Cultivating Healthy Growth and Nutrition through the Gut Microbiota. Journal of Biophysical, 161(1): 36-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.013
  65. Shukla, K., Khanam, R., Biswas, J. K., and Srivastava, S. 2023. Zinc oxide nanoparticles in combination with biochar alleviate arsenic accumulation in field grown rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop. Journal of Rhizosphere, 27: 100764. http://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2221512/v1
  66. Thomas, G.W. 1996. Soil pH and Soil Acidity. In: Sparks, D.L., (Ed). Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3: Chemical Methods. Soil Science Society of America Book series Number 5, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, pp.475-490.
  67. Taqdees, Z.U., Khan, J., Khan, W.D., Kausar, C., Afzaal, M., and Akhtar, I. 2022. Silicon and zinc nanoparticles-enriched miscanthus biochar enhanced seed germination, antioxidant defense system, and nutrient status of radish under NaCl stress. Journal of Crop and Pasture Science, 73(5): 556-572. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP21342
  68. Tuzhi, M., Ghorbani Dashtaki, Sh., Mottaghian, H., and Ghasemi, A. 2021. Effect of walnut wood and walnut green shell biochar on water retention status in a sandy soil. Applied Soil Research, 4(8): 44-56. (In Persian with English abstract)
  69. Yue, Y., Cui, L., Lin, Q., Li, G., and Zhao, X. 2017. Efficiency of sewage sludge biochar in improving urban soil properties and promoting grass growth. Journal of Chemosphere - Global Change Science, 173: 551-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.096
  70. Yadav, S., Modi, P., Dave, A., Vijapura, A., Patel, D., and Patel, M. 2020. Effect of abiotic stress on crops. Journal of Sustainable Crop Production, 3(17): 5-16. https://doi: 10.5772/intechopen.88434
  71. Ye, J., Zhang, R., Nielsen, S., Joseph, S.D., Huang, D., and Thomas, T. 2016. A combination of biochar–mineral complexes and compost improves soil bacterial processes, soilquality, and plant properties. Journal of Frontiers in Microbiology, 7: 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00372
  72. Yeboah, S., Zhang, R., Cai, L., Li, L., Xie, J., Luo, Z., Wu, J., and Antille, D.L. 2017. Soil water content and photosynthetic capacity of spring wheat as affected by soil application of nitrogen-enriched biochar in a semiarid environment. Journal of Photosynthetica (International Journal for Photosynthesis Research), 55(3): 532-542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11099-016-0672-1
  73. Wenzel, W.W., Kirchbaumer, N., Prohaska, T., Stingeder, G., Lombi, E., and Adriano, D.C. 2001. Arsenic fractionation in soils using an improved sequential extraction procedure. Journal of Analytica Chimica Acta, 436: 309-323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)00924-2
  74. Waheed, Z., Iqbal, S., Irfan, M., Jabeen, K., Ilyas, N., and Al-Qahtani, W.H. 2024. Isolation and characterization of PGPR obtained from different arsenic-contaminated soil samples and their effect on photosynthetic characters of maize grown under arsenic stress. Journal of Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-31972-4
  75. Walkley, A., and Black, I.A. 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining in soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic soil titration method. Journal of Soil science (An Interdisciplinary Approach to Soils Research), 37:29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003
  76. Wang, L.H., Guan, J.N., Wei, J., Mahmood, A., Rasheed, A., Hassan, M.U., and Shehata, W.F. 2023. Biochar a promising amendment to mitigate the drought stress in plants: review and future prospective. Journal of Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 51(4): 13447. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha51413447
  77. Wu, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, L., Zheng, Y., Liu, X., and Zhang, Y. 2023. The critical role of biochar to mitigate the adverse impacts of drought and salinity stress in plants. Journal of Plant Science, 14: 116345. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1163451
  78. Zhang, H., Voroney, R.P., Price, G.W., and White, A.J. 2017. Sulfur-enriched biochar as a potential soil amendment and fertiliser. Journal of Soil Research, 55: 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/SR15256
  79. Zhang, W., Cho, Y., Vithanage, M., Shaheen, S. M., Rinklebe, J., Alessi, D.S., and Yong, S.O. 2022. Arsenic removal from water and soils using pristine and modified biochars. Journal of Biochar, 4: 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42773-022-00181-y

 

مهندسی زراعی
دوره 48، شماره 1
فروردین
بهار 1404
صفحه 139-113

صفحه اصلی

ارسال مقاله

همکاران اجرایی

اعضای هیات تحریریه

اصول اخلاقی انتشار مقاله

راهنمای نویسندگان

هزینه های بررسی مقاله

داوران

تماس با ما