Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

• Zahra Abdolahzare ¹
• navab kazemi ²
• Saman Abdanan Mehdizadeh ²

¹ PhD student, Department of Mechanization and Mechanics of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Rural Development, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Iran

² Assistant Professor of Mechanization and Mechanics of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Rural Development, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Iran

Abstract

Introduction Honeybees play an important role in pollination. However, there are many problems that threaten the life of them. Pollinators can be exposed to insecticides during their application, by contact with residues, or from the ingestion of pollen, nectar or guttation fluid containing insecticide. The increasing use of neonicotinoids means there is a greater potential for pollinators to be exposed over longer periods as systemic insecticides can be found in the pollen and nectar of plants throughout their blooming period (Ellis, 2010). Exposure to insecticides may have lethal or sub-lethal behavioral or physiological effects. The impact of imidacloprid on homing flight was evaluated in field with a 500-m-distance between feeder and hive (Bortolotti et al. 2003). At the concentration of 100 lg kg-1 foragers fed with imidacloprid-added syrup returned to the hive, but this treatment caused a temporary inhibition of the foraging activity, lasting more than 5 h. Foragers fed with 500 and 1000 lg kg-1 of imidacloprid were seen neither at the hive nor at the feeding site, for the 24 h after the treatment (Bortolotti et al. 2003). Decourtye et al (2011) have shown how the RFID device can be used to study the effects of pesticides on both the behavioral traits and the lifespan of bees.In this context, they have developed a method under tunnel to automatically record the displacements of foragers individualized with RFID tags and to detect the alteration of the flight pattern between an artificial feeder and the hive. Fipronil was selected as test substance due to the lack of information on the effects of this insecticide on the foraging behavior of free-flying bees. They showed that oral treatment of 0.3 ng of fipronil per bee (LD50/20) reduced the number of foraging trips.
Therefore, the aim of this study was to monitoring and determination honeybee’s behavior in exposure to pesticide using data mining techniques.
Materials and Methods Three smart beehive systems developed to monitoring of hive internal conditions. Therefore, each beehive equipped with temperature and humidity (HDC1080, China), vibration (MPU6050, China), and CO₂ (CCS811, China) sensors. Data was collected during spraying time for 48 hours and different features of vibration signal in two time-frequency and frequency domains were extracted by MFCC (Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficient) algorithm. After that, the most significant features were selected using PCA (Principle Component Analysis) which has been used specifically for extracting information from correlation matrices. Since the spectral dataforms the array of correlated variables containing overlapped information, this approach makes it possible to extractuseful information from high-dimensional data. To choose thenumber of components the cross-validationmethod was used. The extracted principal components wereused as the input variables for the classification model. In this paper, support vector machine with different kernel function including linear, polynomial, MLP, RBF, and quadratic was applied for performing classification.
Results and discussion According to the MFCC of internal vibration results, there were dramatic changes in the range of 1800 to 2200 Hz in the time of spraying; also, Spectrogram of MFCC coefficients for the X component acceleration shown intensity of 350 in the frequency of 2000 Hz and time range of 60 to 120 minutes; besides, humidity (8 to 18 %), the amount of CO₂ (450 to 530 ppm) and temperature (35 to 39 C) increased during this time.To reduce the dimensionality of data five PCs with minimum estimated mean squared prediction error (0.078) were selected based on Monte Carlo method and used in classifier. Among the five kernels (RBF, linear, MLP, Polynomial, Quadratic), RBF could recognize normal and infected colony with identification rate of 100% and 90%, respectively.
Conclusions According to the results temperature, humidity, CO₂, and vibration sensors can recognize internal condition of bee hive. Vibration features of honey bees movements were extracted using MFCC followed by PCA in frequency-time domain. Five PCs was selected by cross-validation method and RBF kernel was the best kernel with identification rate of 100% and 90% for normal and infected beehive, respectively. Generally, the vibration signals (that were recorded by acceleration sensor) have shown the best result compare to temperature, CO₂, and humidity sensors. It is worth nothing that the use of two temperature and humidity sensors is necessary to monitor and control of beehive internal conditions.

Keywords

• Smart beehive
• Farm spraying
• Support Vector Machine
• Principle Component Analysis
• Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficient