gholamreza Adim; Elham Malekzadeh; Esmael Dordipour; Farshad Kiani; Hassan Mokhtarpour; seraj Moazzemi
Abstract
Introduction In recent years, ensuring the continuous and sustainable production of healthy food products along with environmental protection and paying attention to agricultural economic and environmental problems is very important. Although the use of chemical fertilizers has a high yield of plants, ...
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Introduction In recent years, ensuring the continuous and sustainable production of healthy food products along with environmental protection and paying attention to agricultural economic and environmental problems is very important. Although the use of chemical fertilizers has a high yield of plants, its destructive effects in the long-term are known on the soil biological, physical and chemical properties and environmental pollution. Therefore, a strategy must be considered that can improve soil health and quality as well as produce a high plant yield. Organic manures increase the growth, yield and quality of plants by improving soil conditions and the balance of essential elements. An integrated plant nutrition management system by reducing the use of chemical fertilizers is known as one of the ways to achieve the expected yield and meanwhile, minimize the adverse environmental effects of chemical fertilizers in the world.Materials and Methods The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of single and combined use of chemical fertilizer (urea, triple superphosphate, potassium sulfate as NPK) with organic and biological fertilizers on the yield and yield components of transplanted canola (Brassica napus L.). Experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with six treatments and three replications (18 experimental units) in the 2019-2020 crop year at the Iraqi Agricultural Research Station in Gorgan, Iran. Treatments included: 1) Control (without fertilizer, T1), 2) Chemical fertilizer (T2), 3) Poultry manure (T3), 4) Compost (T4), 5) 50% Chemical fertilizer+ 50% Poultry manure+ 50% Compost (T5), 6) 50% Chemical fertilizer+ 50% Poultry manure+ 50% Compost+ Biofarm-1 biofertilizer (T6). Chemical fertilizer was applied based on soil test including nitrogen equivalent to 250 kg/ha urea was added in three stages during planting, stem elongation, before flowering; phosphorus equivalent to 150 kg/ha of triple super phosphate; potassium equivalent to 50 kg/ha of potassium sulfate, respectively. Organic fertilizers were calculated based on their total nitrogen contents and the equivalent of pure nitrogen recommended based on the soil test for chemical fertilizer and by assuming 50% mineralization rate of organic fertilizers in the soil. Biofertilizer was applied as seed inoculation plus spraying on the plant base in two stages of 4 to 8 leaves and stem elongation. Chlorophyll index was measured in the middle of the flowering stage by using SPAD. After physiological maturity, yield and yield components including pods per plant, numbers of seeds per pod, pod length, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, protein and oil contents of grain were recorded. Results and Discussion The results showed that the effect of fertilizer treatments was significant on yield and yield components (p <0.01). The highest 1000-seed weight, grain yield, protein content of the seed, number of seeds per pod, pod length and pods per plant were recorded in the treatment of 50% chemical fertilizer+ 50% Poultry manure+ 50% Compost+ Biofertilizer (T6) which increased by 21.9%, 43.7%, 33.8%, 29.2%, 37.2% and 37.6%, respectively, in compared to the control treatment (with the lowest values). The pods per plant, 1000-seed weight and grain yield were not significantly different between the combined treatments of chemical fertilizer+bio-organic fertilizers (T6) and integrated use of chemical and organic (T5) fertilizers (p <0.05). The control treatment (T1) by 2248.37 Kg/ha of grain yield (the minimum amount) decreased by 43.7% and 38.3% compared to T6 and T5 treatments, respectively. The chemical treatment (T2) and integrated application of chemical fertilizer+ bio-organic fertilizers (T6) showed the most positive effect on the chlorophyll index compared to other fertilizer and control treatments (with the lowest index, 43.66). Chlorophyll index in the T2 and T6 treatments increased by 35.6% and 33.7% compared to the control treatment (T1), respectively. The treated plants by alone use of organic fertilizers (T3 and T4) without notable difference produced the highest grain oil (by an average of 45.73%) which increased by 6.6% compared to the chemical fertilizer (T2) and control (T1) treatments by an average of 42.7%.Conclusion Combined use of chemical fertilizer with bio-organic fertilizers had the most positive effect on yield and yield components, and often showed significant difference with the single application of chemical and organic fertilizer treatments (T2, T3 and T4). Therefore, the combination use of chemical and bio-organic fertilizers is a better option to increase the yield and yield components of transplanted canola than the single use of chemical fertilizers. The highest pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, chlorophyll index, protein content, chlorophyll, 1000-seed weight, and grain yield were related to the integrated application of chemical fertilizer with bio-organic fertilizers (T6 and T5), so it can be inferred that the use of a mixture of organic, biological and chemical fertilizers is an effective approach to reduce the using of chemical fertilizers and their destructive environmental effects, as well as increase the yield of transplanted rapeseed
Soil Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology
Elham Sadeghi; REZA GHORBANINASRABADI; Seyed Ali Reza Movahedi Naini; Mojtaba Barani Motlagh; Mostafa Khoshhal Sarmast; Mohammad Reza Pahlevan Rad
Abstract
Introduction Plant growth and crop productivity may be adversely affected under unfavorable environmental conditions, such as a lack of organic matter in the soil. To counteract the negative impacts of these challenges, a unique strategy is required. The paucity of organic inputs, which is common in ...
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Introduction Plant growth and crop productivity may be adversely affected under unfavorable environmental conditions, such as a lack of organic matter in the soil. To counteract the negative impacts of these challenges, a unique strategy is required. The paucity of organic inputs, which is common in conventional agricultural production, can lead to soil degradation, erosion, and loss of soil organic matter, which are unfortunate consequences. Soil organic amendments have been shown to have beneficial effects on crop production and a wide range of soil properties in agricultural systems. However, the limited availability of phosphorus (P) in soil can significantly restrict crop growth and productivity, particularly in maize crops. Adequate P supply has been found to enhance early maturity, crop quality, and yield. However, the prolonged use of chemical fertilizers such as NPK has been found to have adverse effects on soil fertility and crop quality. As a result, the combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers has been proposed as an effective approach compared to the single application of organic or chemical fertilizer alone. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the potential benefits of using compost and Triple Super Phosphate fertilizer (TSP) application on the chemical and biological properties of soil, as well as the properties of forage maize (cv. SC704), in loess soil.Materials and Methods A factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications. A total of 36 samples were performed in two separate cultivated and incubated experiments. A pot experiment was conducted to invwstigate the effects of simple and enriched compost, containing urea and Streptomyces, and varying amounts of TSP fertilizer (0, 10, 40, and 100 mg/kg), on soil properties and maize plant growth. In addition, an incubation experiment was conducted to measure the effects of the same treatments on soil microbial biomass and activity. The effect of treatments were analyzed as factorial under a completely randomized design. The biomass of maize plants was measured at the time of harvesting (the time from planting to harvesting of forage maize was 80 days). Some parameters such as available phosphorus, substrate-induced respiration, microbial biomass carbon, and some enzyme activity (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, catalase and urease) were measured in soil.Results and Discussion The findings of this study indicated that the application of compost and TSP fertilizer had significant effects on plant biomass. Specifically, compost application led to an increase in microbial biomass carbon and enzymes activity (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, catalase and urease) in the soil, ultimately promoting plant growth. Moreover, the combined application of compost and TSP fertilizer increased the availability of phosphorus, substrate-induced respiration, and microbial biomass carbon in the soil. Based on the findings, the combined application of TSP and compost resulted in further increases in substrate-induced respiration (63-168%), microbial biomass carbon (72-167%), available phosphorus (29-103%), and enzyme activity (acid phosphatase (4-21), alkaline phosphatase (14-34%), catalase (13-32%), and urease(54-159%)) compared to the application of each amendment alone. This suggests that the addition of both TSP and compost promotes the availability of easily accessible nutrients for microbial growth and soil enzymes (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, catalase and urease) activity. The highest amount of available phosphorus, microbial biomass carbon, substrate-induced respiration, catalase activity and urease activity in cultivated soil (23%, 270%, 93%, 68%, 1.8%, respectively) and incubated soil (18%, 243%, 90%, 53%, 1.2%, respectively) were observed in C2P3 treatment. The results also indicated that the enriched compost+TSP treatment led to the highest substrate-induced respiration and microbial biomass carbon, followed by simple compost+TSP, enriched compost only, simple compost only, TSP fertilizer only, and the control. The increase in enzyme activity (P<0.01, r=0.90), and available phosphorus (P<0.01, r=0.60) in the soil positively influenced plant growth. Specifically, the simultaneous application of compost and TSP had a greater effect on maize plant biomass. The highest root biomass (2.80 g), stem biomass (10.4 g), and leaf biomass (2.27 g) were observed in the enriched compost and 100 mg kg-1 TSP treatment, which differed significantly from the other treatments.Conclusion The results of this study demonstrated that the addition of compost and TSP to loess soils can promote microbial biomass carbon, substrate-induced respiration, enzyme activity (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, catalase, and urease), available phosphorus, and maize plant growth. Moreover, the use of compost can protect soil microbial and enzymatic activities in loess soils. Thus, the simultaneous application of enriched compost with TSP can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and their negative environmental impacts.
H. Sorkheh; A. Moezzi; N. Enayatizamir
Abstract
Introduction In Khuzestan province, Iran, huge amounts of organic waste is generated annually, leading to challenges for its safe disposal, with the waste being usually either burned or land filled.Agro-industrial wastes such as sugarcane pith, have been recognized as important renewable sources ...
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Introduction In Khuzestan province, Iran, huge amounts of organic waste is generated annually, leading to challenges for its safe disposal, with the waste being usually either burned or land filled.Agro-industrial wastes such as sugarcane pith, have been recognized as important renewable sources of value-added organic products such as compost.Compost is a mixture of decayed organic material decomposed by microorganisms in a warm, moist, and aerobic environment that release nutrients into readily available forms for plant use. Recycling of organic wastes by the process of composting in agriculture brings in the much needed organic matter to the soils and improves the overall soil fertility and soil productivity Thus, composting is a process for appropriate disposal of waste and is also beneficial from ecological and economic point of view. Lignocellulosic materials are not easily degraded due to the lignin, crystalline and structural complexity of cellulose matrix. Application of chemical and biological treatments may increases waste degradation and decrease composting process time. Bacteria and fungi are the two main microbes that help in decomposition of organic waste and forces of composting. In addition, efficient composting is dependent on the microbial activity. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of chemical (gypsum) and microbial treatments (consortium of bacteria and fungi) on reduce C/N and shortening process of compost maturity which is used in agricultural fields. Materials and Methods In this research, an incubation experiment was carried out in laboratory condition as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete design with two factors: 1) gypsum application in three levels including, 1%, 5% and 10% w/w, and 2) microbial inoculation in four levels including control (without microbial inoculation), inoculation of substrate with consortium of bacteria, consortium of fungi and consortium of bacteria + fungi, with three replications. The sugarcane pith for compost production was collected from Dehkhoda sugarcane Agro-industry, Ahvaz, SW Iran. The sugarcane pith was initially boiled for 2h, then air-dried. Sugarcane pith samples were sterilized in an autoclave and 1% w/w urea were added to each samples to reduce their C/N ratio. Then, sterilized gypsum and microbial treatments were added to samples in plastic jars. Samples were incubated for 90 days at constant temperature of 25 ± 2 °C. Samples moisture content was maintained at 80% of field capacity. The samples were weighted every day and the required amounts of distilled water were added. At the end of incubation period, sample properties such as organic matters loss percent (OM loss), ash content, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H) and sulfur (S) content were measured. Also oxygen (O) content and atomic ratio including carbon to nitrogen (C/N), hydrogen to carbon (H/C), oxygen to carbon (O/C) and hydrogen to oxygen (H/O) ratio were determined. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS software. Means of different treatments were compared using the Duncan’s test at probability level of 5%. Results and Discussion The results of variance analysis showed that the gypsum levels and microbial treatments significantly affected the organic matters loss percent, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and sulfur content and O/C, H/O and H/O ratio. In addition interaction effect of gypsum and microbial treatments was significant on nitrogen, hydrogen content and C/N ratio. The results indicated that the gypsum addition and inoculation of bacteria and fungi consortium to sugarcane pith significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the carbon content and C/N, H/C and H/O ratio, while significantly (P < 0.05) increased nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen content as well as O/C ratio. With increasing gypsum levels (from 1 to 10% w/w) the carbon content and C/N, H/C and H/O ratio significantly (P < 0.05) reduced, while nitrogen, oxygen and organic matter loss percent, hydrogen content and O/C ratio significantly (P < 0.05) increased. Comparison of microbial treatments showed that consortium of bacteria + fungi had higher effect on changes in organic matter loss percent, carbon and nitrogen content and C/N, H/C, H/O and O/C ratio. Maximum organic matter lost and nitrogen content as well as minimum and C/N, H/C and H/O ratio were recorded for co-inoculation of bacterial and fungi consortium combined with application of 10% gypsum treatments. Reduction of C/N, H/O and H/C as well as increasing O/C in the above mentioned treatment, indicating that maturation of sugarcane peat composting was completed three months after composting process. Conclusion From the results of this study, it can be concluded that inoculation of consortium of bacteria and fungi with 10% gypsum led to hasten the sugarcane pith degradation and shortening composting process duration.
Volume 1.32, مجموعه مقالات منتشر شده در حوزه مهندسی زراعی قبل از تفکیک مجله علمی کشاورزی در سالهای 1354 تا 1388 , February 1976, , Pages 85-96
Abstract
In order to determine the efficiency and appropriate levels of two biofertilizers including municipal solid waste compost and vermicompost on improving nutrient availability, growth and yield of canola under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement based on randomized ...
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In order to determine the efficiency and appropriate levels of two biofertilizers including municipal solid waste compost and vermicompost on improving nutrient availability, growth and yield of canola under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments consisted of three levels of drought stress, including no stress, mild stress and severe stress conditions, and biofertilizer combination in five levels including control, application of municipal solid waste compost at two and four percent levels and application of vermicompost at two and four percent. Results showed that the effect of stress and biofertilizer levels on nutrient uptake, growth, and yield was significant. The interaction of drought stress and biofertilizer had significantly affected all traits except nitrogen and zinc percent. The results of mean comparison indicated that the mild and severe stress significantly reduced nitrogen, phosphorous, iron percentage and grain yield of canola and increased potassium and sodium percentage in shoot in comparison with the control group. Application of four percent vermicompost resulted in an increase in biomass, yield and nutrient uptake except zinc, under no stress, mild and severe drought stress compared to other biofertilizer treatments. Overall, it could be concluded that biofertilizers, especially vermicompost, positively affected plant growth under drought stress conditions.
Zahra Rezaee; Mojtaba Norouzi masir; Abdolamir Moezzi
Abstract
Introduction:Organic matter based on their composition and the C/N ratio can have different effects on nutrient bioavailability, concentration and uptake in soil and plant. Beside that, organic fertilizer can increase the yield of different agricultural products and pave the wey for emergence of sustainable ...
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Introduction:Organic matter based on their composition and the C/N ratio can have different effects on nutrient bioavailability, concentration and uptake in soil and plant. Beside that, organic fertilizer can increase the yield of different agricultural products and pave the wey for emergence of sustainable agricultural . Organic matter is relatively low in majority of soils in Iran, and continuous use of chemical fertilizer would create environmental hazards . Zinc deficiency is a worldwide nutritional constraint in crop production particularly in cereals growing on calcareous soils .Materials and methods:This research was conducted to investigate the effects of organic fertilizers such as bagasse, compost and biochar and chemical fertilizer ZnSo4 on yield of wheat and concentration and uptake of Zn in wheat ,a study based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications was conducted in Greenhouse Faculty of Agriculturar of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz during the years1395-96. Treatments included:1-control ,2- ZnSo4 , 3-Bagasse 4- Biochar 5- compost. Some Physical and chemical properties were determined using standard methods (table1).some basic properties of bagasse , compost and biochar were also determined (table 2). after the experiment ,soil and plant properties such as pH, organic matter content(OM), available Zn in soil. and yield , yield components and concentration and uptake of Zn in wheat were determined in samples.After seed ripening grain , yield and component yield were measured from the total pot of each treatment.Statisical analysis of the data was performed using SAS software and comporision using Toki method was also performed.Results: the intial soil was clay loam with organic matter content( om=0.79).Results showed that the treatments had significant effect (p≤ 0.01) on percentage of organic carbon, organic matter, the availability of Zn and pH of soil . Also content of soil micro element affected by treatments and amount of these parameters were increased by using of organic fertilizers .Increase the organic matter in soil by compost improved a must of chemical peroperties and Increase concentration nutrient element in soil. Results showed that pH in the control decreased significantly from 7.74 of soil to 7.53 of soil in the compost. Results showed that the available Zn in the control increased significantly from 0.5 mg kg-1 of soil to 0.71 mg kg-1 of soil in the compost.The results of the experiment showed that all treatments except bagsse increased factors wheat yield . Compost showed greatest yield and bagasse the lowest yield in the the wheat root, grain and shoots (compared to the control). The highest grain yield was obtained from the application of compost. The maximum amount of chlorophylls (a, b, total and SPAD), with application compost. The highest Plant height was obtained from the application of biochar. The results showed that the highest and the lowest of va lue concentration and uptake of Zn in wheat to compos and bagasse respectivity. The maximum amount of chlorophylls (a, b, total and SPAD), with application compost. The highest Plant height was obtained from the application of biochar. The results showed that the highest and the lowest of va lue concentration and uptake of Zn in wheat to compos and bagasse respectivity. Discussion:The obtained result highlight the increased effects of compost on yield and yield components and Zn uptake change in wheat, also in comparison to other treatments, it emphasizes ore on the soil though they were useful too. Therefore, it can be concluded that applying organic fertilizers especially composted form would have, useful effects on plant growth and increasing the concentration of Zn of wheat .The obtained result highlight the increased effects of compost on yield and yield components and Zn uptake change in wheat, also in comparison to other treatments, it emphasizes ore on the soil though they were useful too. Therefore, it can be concluded that applying organic fertilizers especially composted form would have, useful effects on plant growth and increasing the concentration of Zn of wheat .The obtained result highlight the increased effects of compost on yield and yield components and Zn uptake change in wheat, also in comparison to other treatments, it emphasizes ore on the soil though they were useful too. Therefore, it can be concluded that applying organic fertilizers especially composted form would have, useful effects on plant growth and increasing the concentration of Zn of wheat .
Saeed Mohamadi; Nafiseh Rang Zan; Habibollah Nadian Ghomsheh
Abstract
Introduction Due to the inefficiency of some chemical fertilizers of trace elements, the high cost of import organic fertilizers containing these elements and also the lack of proper uptake of phosphorus in soils in arid and semi-arid regions, and the desire to produce better quality products, the use ...
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Introduction Due to the inefficiency of some chemical fertilizers of trace elements, the high cost of import organic fertilizers containing these elements and also the lack of proper uptake of phosphorus in soils in arid and semi-arid regions, and the desire to produce better quality products, the use of organic matter enriched with nutrients such as phosphorus and iron seems essential. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effect of different levels of iron refuse and phosphate soil as an enrichment and investigating the interaction effects of enrichment on the growth components of tomato plants.Materials and Methods To study the effect of compost enriched with iron refuse and phosphate soil on tomato plant, pot experimen was conducted with experimental treatments including compost enriched with iron refuse at three levels of 0, 5 and 20%, compost enriched with phosphate soil at three levels 0, 5% and 10%. To prepare the potting soil before applying the treatments, 10% by weight of sand was added to the soil. Iron refuse were prepared from the factory of National Iranian Steel Industrial Group and phosphate soil from Esfordi phosphate company and after air drying, the percentage of iron and total phosphorus were measured using standard methods (wet digestion). Compost prepared from green space wastes was also digest to investigate some chemical properties. Obtained data were performed analysed in factoriall in completely randomized design with three replications. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software and mean comparisons were performed by Duncan's multiple range test. Charts were drawn using Excel software.Results and Discussion The results showed the highest plant height was observed in the treatment of 20% iron enrichment with 10% phosphorus enrichment at the rate of 57.9 cm. Comparisons of the mean effect of iron enrichment on total chlorophyll in tomato leaves showed that in general, with increasing the percentage of iron, total chlorophyll increased by 17.6 and 18.2%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. In other words, enrichment of compost with iron refuse increases the plant chlorophyll content by 39%, which is 34% for phosphorus enrichment. The maximum chlorophyll content of the plant was observed in the treatment of 20% iron enrichment with 10% phosphorus, which was not significantly different from the 20% iron enrichment treatment and 5% phosphorus enrichment treatment. Therefore, simultaneous enrichment of compost with iron and phosphorus can increase the quality of crops, especially leafy vegetables. According to the results, increasing the level of iron enrichment from zero to 20% caused 42.4% increase in plant dry weight, which is reported to be 24.9% for phosphorus enrichment. In general, as expected, with increasing the percentage of phosphorus in compost, the concentration of phosphorus in the shoot of tomato plant increased. Iron concentration in the plant increases by 10.9% with increasing phosphorus enrichment level from zero to 5%; In contrast, the use of phosphate soil at the level of 5% caused a decrease in zinc and copper concentrations of the plant by 21.5% and 15.2%, respectively. In many cases, the phosphorus and iron have reducing effects on each other due to the deposition of soluble iron in the form of insoluble phosphate compounds. According to the results of the present study, when an organic medium such as compost is used to add these two elements to the soil, the effect of organic matter on the formation of soluble chelates can increase the amount of avalable iron. Organic matter also has an undeniable effect on preventing the stabilization of phosphorus, which causes its release due to the direct decomposition of organic matter or the production of organic acids. Cupper was found to be more sensitive to increasing the amount of phosphorus in soil.Conclusion The use of enriching compounds by improving plant nutritional conditions can lead to improve effects of organic amendments such as compost. The use of phosphate-enriched compost and iron refuse, increased the yield of tomato plants. According to the results, high levels of enrichment to some extent limit the uptake of zinc and copper, which is related to the interaction of elements with each other and changes in concentration ratios. Due to the lack of micronutrients in most crops and horticulture and the competition of elements in the soil, in many cases there is a decline in product quality, so it is suggested that following the present study, some studies to be conducted to investigate the simultaneous enrichment of other micronutrients such as zinc and copper and balance dose of enrichment so that maximum absorption is achieved simultaneously for all target elements. The use of waste from different sources to balance the enrichment of organic materials, in addition to reducing costs, will lead to the recycling of large volumes of waste.
