Mohammad Zeinvand; Afsaneh Alinejadian; Mohammad Feizian; Omidali َAkbarpour
Abstract
IntroductionDue to the use of fossil fuels, land use changes, and deforestation, it increases atmospheric carbon dioxide, which affects greenhouse gas emissions, results in global warming, effectively. Since crop production directly depends on climate, agriculture is one of the first sectors affected ...
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IntroductionDue to the use of fossil fuels, land use changes, and deforestation, it increases atmospheric carbon dioxide, which affects greenhouse gas emissions, results in global warming, effectively. Since crop production directly depends on climate, agriculture is one of the first sectors affected by climate change. Increasing greenhouse gas emissions leads to warming up and warming has devastating effects on organisms life, damaging natural ecosystems, causing floods, droughts, and disrupting the climate and ecological balance. Total soil organic carbon is the ability of trees and other plants to absorb carbon dioxide from theatmosphere and store it as carbon in wood, roots, leaves, and soil.Total soil organic carbon of plant biomass and Total soil organic carbon under this biomass is the simplest and most economically feasible solution to reduce atmospheric CO2. In this regard, an experiment was carried to investigate the effect of three amendment materials (alfalfa residues, straw and wheat straw, and poultry manure) on some soil characteristics, soil and wheat organ Total soil organic carbon potential. Materials and MethodsTo investigate the possibility ofimproving soil carbon sequestration, carbon content of plant and soil and some soil characteristics, an experiment was design in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in the crop year 2018-2019, in a farm in Dasht-e Aramou, Dare Shahr-Ilam province, in three replications on the wheat plant. Trial factors include two factors, the types and amount of amendment materials (alfalfa residues at 5, 10 and 15 t/ha, straw and wheat straw at 5, 10 and 15 t/ha, poultry manure at three levels of 2, 4 and 6 t/ha and chemical fertilizer is 100 percent fertilizer requirement). The studied traits included root carbon, shoot carbon, root total organic carbon, and shoot total organic carbon, total organic carbon, soil organic carbon percentage, total soil organic carbon, soil nitrogen, soil phosphorus, soil potassium, soil pH and soil Electrical Conductivity (EC). Results and DiscussionThe use of amendment materials had a positive effect on most of the studied traits compared with the lack of application of amendment materials. The results showed that the amount of Total soil organic carbon and the percentage of carbon in shoots were higher than roots. The highest total organic carbon, percentage of carbon in plant and soil phosphorus were observed in 6 t/ha poultry manure (M6) while the highestTotal soil organic carbon and soil carbon content was obtained in 15 t/ha straw and wheat straw (G15). Also, the highest amount of soil nitrogen and potassium was obtained in 15 t/ha (Y15) alfalfa residues and the lowest amount in control treatment which were 47and 64 percent higher than the control, respectively. Contrary to all measured traits, pH and EC values were decreased by adding soil amendment materials. The highest was obtained in control treatment and lowest was observed in 15 t/ha (G15) straw and wheat straw which was 4.4 percent and 50.8 percent lower than the control, respectively. Conclusion Gradual degradation of organic matter increases the efficiency of nutrients, the effect of these compounds on the plant's yield and soil properties for several years. The use of high quality plant residues, if combined with optimized management, will have a good result, especially if the timing of the release of nutrients from decomposing plant debris coincides with the need for the crop. Under such conditions, the time gap between the release of elements from plant residues and absorption of elements by the plant will be reduced and by reducing nutrition elements, it will increase absorption efficiency. In general, the effect of fertilizer type and plant residue on the amount of carbon of the plant and soil as well as the amount of nutrients in the soil was significant at 1% level. Among the different treatments, 6 ton/ha of poultry manure had the most effect on total soil organic carbon and carbon storage in plant organs, and treatment of 15 ton/ha wheat straw had the most effect on total soil organic carbon and carbon storage in soil. Alfalfa residue treatment had the most effect on soil phosphorus and potassium content and poultry manure had the most effect on soil nitrogen. Regarding to the lower price of plant residue, it is more appropriate than poultry. Due to availability of poultrymanure in the most parts of the country, it recommends more than other fertilizers.
Plant Nutrition, Soil Fertility and Fertilizers
Abstract
Introduction: Shortage of non-saline and high quality irrigation water is a serious problem in agricultural farms which limits crop productions. Proper nutrient management is one of the key solutions to decreasing the adverse effects of salinity. Zinc is an essential trace element that can alleviate ...
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Introduction: Shortage of non-saline and high quality irrigation water is a serious problem in agricultural farms which limits crop productions. Proper nutrient management is one of the key solutions to decreasing the adverse effects of salinity. Zinc is an essential trace element that can alleviate the negative effects of toxic ions on plant growth under the saline environments. Therefore, in this study, the effect of zinc an enhancer agent of saline irrigation water of wheat farms was investigated. Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized completed block design with four replications. The Experiment was under the greenhouse condition located in Borazjan Research Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources during 2012-2013. The first factor comprised four levels of salinity including 4 (control), 8, 12 and 16 dS.m-1. The second factor was application of four levels of zinc including 0, 10, 20 and 30 mg.kg-1 soil. Results and Discussion: Our results suggested that increase in zinc concentration could significantly alleviate negative effects of salinity stress on plant height. The highest plant height (84.13 Cm) was achieved by application of 30 mg.kg-1 soilzinc. Although increase in salinity stress reduced wheat growth potential there was no significant difference between 4 dS.m-1 (86.32 Cm) and 8 dS.m-1 (80.19 Cm) on the plant height. The lowest number of grain in spike (36.19) was observed in control treatment while the maximum number of grain in spike (53.44) was produced under 30 mg.kg-1 soil zinc. Increase of salinity from 4 to 16 dS.m-1 drastically reduced the number of grain in spike from 50 to 39.69. Application of 30 mg.kg-1 soilzinc resulted in higher RWC (85.02%) compared to control (69.30%). Increase in zinc concentrations led to a higher chlorophyll and carotenoid content. There was no significant difference between 10 and 20 mg.kg-1 soilzinc sulfate on chlorophyll content. Increasing salinity from 4 dS.m-1 to 12 dS.m-1 resulted in reduction of chlorophyll a from 2.58 to 2.08 mg.gr-1 fw, chlorophyll b from 0.79 to 0.59 mg.gr-1 fw and total chlorophyll from 3.76 to 2.90 mg.gr-1 fw. Zinc promoted synthesis of carotenoid. Carotenoid contents reached 8.43 mg.gr-1 fw by the application of 30 mg.kg soil-1. The maximum carotenoid content (9.30 mg.gr-1 fw) was observed at 8 dS.m-1 salinity while there was no significant difference with carotenoid content of 4 dS.m-1 (8.99 mg.gr-1 fw). However, by increasing salinity stress, the carotenoid content significantly reduced and the lowest carotenoid content (6.70 mg.gr-1 fw) was observed at 16 dS.m-1 salinity. Zinc content of leaf and grain of wheat significantly increase by the application of 30 mg.kg-1 soil zinc and in the highest concentration of fertilizer, zinc content of leaf and grain reached 32.07 and 63.76 mg.kgr-1 respectively. The highest wheat biological yield (1577.50 g.m-2) was observed in 4 dS.m-1 with 30 mg Zn kg-1 soil while the lowest biological yield (986.39 g.m-2) was observed at no added fertilizer and salinity of 16 dS.m-1. The maximum wheat grain yield (692.03 g.m-2) was observed in salinity of 4 dS.m-1 with 30 mg Zn kg-1 soil while the lowest grain yield (459.39 g.m-2) was observed at no added fertilizer treatment and salinity of 16 dS.m-1. Our results clearly proved that application of zinc could alleviate negative effects of salinity stress on wheat grain yield. Wheat biological yield at salinity of 16 dS.m-1 with no added fertilizer reached 986.39 g.m-2 while at the same salinity, application of 30 mg Zn kg-1 soil zinc enhanced biological yield to 1131.80 g.m-2. Although salinity level from 4 to 16 dS.m-1 significantly reduced wheat grain yield application of 30 mg.kg-1 soil zinc increase grain yield from 459.39 g.m-2 to 506.94 g.m-2 in 16 dS.m-1 salinity. Conclusion: Wheat yield was significantly affected by the quality of irrigation water. The higher the concentrations of salinity, the lower wheat yield will be produced. However, our results revealed that application of zinc is an effective way of reducing salinity to restrict wheat grain yield. This trace element enhances plant production of photosynthetic pigments; therefore, physiological performance of the crop was improved under saline conditions. Application of 30 mg Zn kg-1 soil was highly recommended in farms with saline irrigation water.
