Soil, Water and Plant Relationships
Hossein Beyrami; Hossein Parvizi; Amir Parnian; Hadis Hatami
Abstract
ABSTRACTIntroductionSoil and water salinization is a worldwide problem, especially in irrigated areas, causing decrease in crop yield and the continuous loss of arable fields. Halophytes are the natural genetic source of salt tolerance traits and can be used for revegetation and remediation of salt-affected ...
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ABSTRACTIntroductionSoil and water salinization is a worldwide problem, especially in irrigated areas, causing decrease in crop yield and the continuous loss of arable fields. Halophytes are the natural genetic source of salt tolerance traits and can be used for revegetation and remediation of salt-affected lands, and also as an alternative crop or biofuel. Due to the limited quality of water resources in the country and considering that the major regions of Iran's area are considered to be arid and semi-arid, it is important to cultivate plants with high tolerance to environmental stresses such as drought and salinity. The quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) plant is important because of its ability to be cultivated in saline areas and irrigated with saline water. According to previous research, quinoa is an optional halophyte, and its irrigation is possible up to sea level salinity. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is one of the plants that has outstanding economic and agronomic advantages among the crops; it is particularly important in terms of forage production. There is no reliable and accurate information about the amount of water consumption by this plant in Iran. Considering the climatic characteristics and water shortages in the country, as well as the development plan for the cultivation of this plant due to its high nutritional value, attention to its water requirement becomes more important. For this reason, the importance of precise irrigation design and planning is needed in order to improve the performance of irrigation water usage in this region.Materials and MethodsThis research is conducted aim to determine the effects of different levels of moisture and salinity on the yield, some morphological traits, and some yield components of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in field conditions during two growing seasons (2020-2022) in Yazd, Iran. The experiments were carried out in a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design, which included two irrigation water salinity levels of 5 and 12 dS/m and four irrigation levels of 60, 80, 100, and 120% to provide the amount of allowable moisture depletion (MAD equal to 50%) in the root zone, in three replications. Experimental plots were designed with dimensions of 5×7 meters. Applying the amount of irrigation was done according to the determination of the field capacity levels and the permanent wilting point moisture measured (using a pressure plate device) before the start of the experiments. In this regard, according to this information, on the day of irrigation, the amount of soil moisture in each of the plots was measured at the root zone, and based on the treatments, the amount of water required was calculated, and irrigation was applied to the determined moisture level. Irrigation was carried out in the form of flooding, and the volume of irrigation water for each treatment was controlled by the volume contour and applied separately at each interval. At the end of the experiment, quinoa was harvested in a one-square-meter grid, and then plant height, panicle length and width, and stem diameter were measured. After the plant's drying, the weight of the seeds and the weight of the whole shoot were measured in different treatments.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the different levels of salinity and soil moisture cause significant changes in biomass yield, seed yield, and harvest index. Also, the results indicated that changes in salinity levels and moisture levels caused significant differences in plant height, stem diameter and panicle length, panicle width, and 1000-seed weight (P<0.01), but their interaction was not significant. For two levels of salinity, the maximum biomass (9.28 tons/ha) was observed by supplying 100% of the depleted soil moisture based on MAD = 50%. According to the yield-water use function, the maximum seed yield for 5 and 12 dS/m irrigation water salinity was observed in treatments that supplied 115% and more than 120% of depleted soil moisture based on MAD = 50%, respectively. With the increase in salinity stress from 5 to 12 dS/m, biomass weight decreased by 23% and seed yield decreased by 17%. Based on the results, the average volume of applied water in fall cultivated quinoa under the 5 dS/m irrigation water salinity was 4900 m3/ha during the growth season (90 days).ConclusionIn the autumn planting of the Titicaca variety of quinoa, with a planting period of about 90 days in arid and semi-arid regions like Yazd, water consumption is about 450 to 550 mm. But in conditions of moisture deficiency, it is possible to grow this plant. Because it has a lower yield reduction slope than other plants under drought and salt stress conditions. Furthermore, the results indicated that the salinity of the soil profile increased in deficit irrigation conditions (60% and 80% of depleted soil moisture based on MAD = 50%) due to the lack of leaching requirements.
Plant Nutrition, Soil Fertility and Fertilizers
edris shabani
Abstract
Introduction The decrease in yield and quality levels of button mushrooms during the cultivation period is one of the important challenges of the mushroom production industry, due to the reduction of substrate nutrients and the accumulation of undesirable compounds. One of the solutions to prevent the ...
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Introduction The decrease in yield and quality levels of button mushrooms during the cultivation period is one of the important challenges of the mushroom production industry, due to the reduction of substrate nutrients and the accumulation of undesirable compounds. One of the solutions to prevent the decrease in yield and qualitative characteristics of edible mushrooms during different flushes is to enrich compost with nutrient supplements.Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effect of supplementary nutrition at different times on the yield indicators of button mushroom, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was conducted. Experimental treatments included four concentrations (C) of supplementary nutrition (0 (C1), 20 (C2), 40 (C3) and 60 (C4) g/L) (combination of two phases, the liquid phase includes micro and macro elements and amino acids, and the solid phase includes sucrose and dextrin) and two application times (one day after harvesting the first flush (T1) and the beginning of the second flush and the formation of pin (T2).Results and Discussion The findings of this research indicated the highest number of button mushroom was observed in C3T2 treatment by 215.89, which demonstrated a 20.35% increase compared to C1T2 treatment. The lowest single mushroom weight was measured in the first time of foliar spraying in C1T1 treatment and the highest single mushroom weight was obtained in the second time of foliar spraying in C3T2 and C2T2 treatments, respectively. The maximum length of the mushroom base was obtained in C2T2 treatment by 1.36 cm. Along with the increase in the concentration of nutritional solutions; the diameter of the cap showed a significant increase at T1 time, while at T2 time, this value showed a decreasing trend after the treatment of 20 g/L of nutrient solution. In addition, no significant difference was observed between the cap diameter of mushrooms treated with 20 and 40 g/L in treatments of C2T2 and C3T2, and the maximum cap diameter of mushrooms in these treatments was 3.73 and 3.67 cm, respectively. Enrichment of button mushroom compost by nutritional supplements can prevent severe yield reduction during different flushes.The number of mushrooms produced in two different times was not significant. It showed that the effect of using time of supplemental nutrition was more effective on the rapid growth of the formed pins than growth of new pins. The formation of pins and the number of mushrooms were under the influence of the amount of inoculation and used spawn in the compost. The positive results obtained from the foliar application of the nutrients showed that its compounds, including sucrose and dextrose and highly consumed elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and amino acids, have played an important role on the number, single weight of mushrooms and the cap diameter of mushroom. The use of nutrient solution in C3T2 treatment compared to C1T2 increased nitrogen percentage by 66.43%, protein by 66.22%, tissue firmness by 71.44% and biological efficiency of substrate by 66.32%, respectively. Pervious study showed that, the effect of different concentrations of three amino acids asparagine, glutamine and glycine on some quality indicators and performance components of white button mushroom was investigated and the results indicated that asparagine 150 ppm improved the yield and increased the protein content. High NPK content in mushroom substrates significantly shortens the rate of mycelium propagation and increases oyster mushroom growth. One of the basic criteria for a good mushroom substrate is the carbohydrate and nitrogen content to support mushroom growth.Also, using a concentration of 40 g/L of nutrient solution at the time of emergence of the second pin, in comparison with C1T2 treatment, increased the yield of the second flush by 64.15%, the yield of the third flush by 71.17%, the yield of all flushes by 26.79% and the total yield of composted by 26.76%, respectively. Carbon, with its structural role and presence in most organic compounds and providing energy for metabolic reactions, plays a significant role in the growth of button mushrooms. On the other hand, button mushrooms are able to use amino acids as a source of nitrogen. Therefore, it seems that the use of the above compounds in the nutrient solution used in this research has been able to produce favorable results both quantitatively and qualitatively in the studied button mushrooms. On the other hand, it seems that the presence of widely used elements such as phosphorus and potassium in the nutrients used in this research and the positive role of these elements in the production of nucleic acid, adenosine triphosphate, membrane phospholipids and enzyme reactions has been able to play a key role in increasing the quantitative and qualitative properties of button mushrooms.Conclusion The use of 40 g/L concentration of nutritional supplement at the time of the appearance of the second flush by affecting the percentage of dry matter, protein and tissue firmness increased the quality level of button mushrooms and enhanced quantitative level by improving yield indicators such as the number of mushrooms, single weight of mushroom, total yield of flushes and percentage of total yield of compost.
Soil Chemistry and Pollution
Hadi Habiby; Alireza Movahedi; Mojtaba Khoshravesh; Alireza Saberi
Abstract
Introduction Increasing the yield and, consequently, increasing the concentration of macro and micro nutrients in the plant is one of the important aspects of agriculture. The improvement of the quality and quantity of some elements, such as potassium, zinc, and iron in the soil can cause an increase ...
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Introduction Increasing the yield and, consequently, increasing the concentration of macro and micro nutrients in the plant is one of the important aspects of agriculture. The improvement of the quality and quantity of some elements, such as potassium, zinc, and iron in the soil can cause an increase in the yield of the crop and the concentration of these elements in plant tissues. The increase in the concentration of these elements in plants can be effective in the health of livestock and consequently the health of humans. One of the new approaches that can be used in this field is the use of magnetic water. Magnetic water is obtained by passing water from a magnetic field. An externally applied magnetic field causes changes in the atomic, molecular, and electronic structure of the treated water, such as changes to its solidifying and boiling points, viscosity and the dielectric constant, the formation of clustering structures from linear and ring hydrogen-bound chains of molecules, the magnetic interaction between these clustering structures, and increasing the polarization effects of water molecules. The biological effects of magnetic field or electromagnetic field treatments depend on the strength and exposure period of water conditioning, in particular, the ion content, quality, and the volume of water. Materials and Methods For this purpose, a field experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement with two main treatments, adding and without adding potassium and zinc fertilizers, and five sub-treatments (magnetic field strengths, including a 0.4 Electromagnetic Coil (EC), 0.3 magnet, 0.3 EC, 0.1 EC, and the control treatment) in four replications at Research Station of Goran University of Agricultural and Natural Resources. The size of each experimental plot was 2 m × 2.5 m. Corn was planted in each plot with the distances of 15 cm from each other and rows with distances of 70 cm from each other. An electromagnetic coil and a permanent magnet were used to create a magnetic field. Water was passed from the middle of this magnetic field through a hose and the plots were irrigated with this magnetic water. The irrigation was conducted based on soil moisture content and continued until the harvest and drying of the plants. Soil and plant samples were taken at two flowering and harvesting stages and were transferred to the laboratory for analyzation. Concentrations of Zn and Fe in the soil and plant tissues were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using the SAS software. Results and Discussion The results of this study showed that all the plots that were irrigated by magnetic water had corn plants with greater height and more yield was obtained than the control treatments. This could be due to the ease of absorbing water from the soil. Magnetic water has lower surface tension than untreated water, so the plant needs less force to absorb water from soil particles. Also, the plants that were irrigated by magnetic water had higher concentrations (P <0.01) of elements such as zinc and iron in their cobs. Magnetic water can increase the availability of the elements in the soil. So, more concentration of elements can be absorbed by the roots and transferred to the aerial parts of the plants. Among the magnetic water treatments, 0.4 Tesla strength treatment had the highest effect on the yield and corn height, as well as zinc and iron concentration in cobs (P <0.01). Higher strengths of the magnetic field (0.4 T) had more effect on the availability of elements in the soil and their absorption by the plants. The yield of corn in 0.4 EC, 0.3 M, 0.3 EC, and 0.1 EC treatments that potassium and zinc fertilizers were added to them increased as compared to the control. So, increasing the strength of the magnetic field had more effects on some soil properties. The treatments that K and Zn fertilizers were added to them had more yield than other treatments that these fertilizers were not added to them. This could be attributed to the fact that magnetic water has increased the solubility of K and Zn fertilizers. In fact, magnetic water has been able to increase the uptake of Zn from the soil. Conclusion These results indicate that the magnetization of water can be used as an appropriate approach to increase the quantity and quality of product yield and the concentration of the elements in the crops.
Plant Nutrition, Soil Fertility and Fertilizers
Ali Abdolahi; Mehdi Taghavi; Mojtaba Norouzi masir; Abdolamir Moezzi
Abstract
Nanotechnology has created a range of new applications in different stages of agriculture. The application of Nano-fertilizers for plants is of vital importance because of its unique properties, such as the specific surface and high reactivity. Many studies have investigated the effect of metal nanoparticles ...
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Nanotechnology has created a range of new applications in different stages of agriculture. The application of Nano-fertilizers for plants is of vital importance because of its unique properties, such as the specific surface and high reactivity. Many studies have investigated the effect of metal nanoparticles on yield and concentration of elements in the plant. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of Functionalized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (FIONPs) on plant yield, concentration and uptake of Zinc in root and shoots of wheat under greenhouse cultivation in a calcareous soil. Materials and Methods This study was conducted in the greenhouse condition as a randomized complete design with three replications. Treatment consisted of functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (Hydroxyl: OH, Carboxyl: COOH and Amine: NH2) each at three levels (100, 200 and 300 mg.kg-1), ZnSO4 (40 kg.ha-1) and Control. During the experiment, some parameters such as the plant height and chlorophyll index were measured. At the end of the cultivation period, dry weight and Zn concentration of root, shoot and grain was determined using Atomic absorption apparatus (Perkin elmer A_Analyst 200 model). Likewise, content of soil available Zn was measured using DTPA. Results The amount of available zinc in all levels of iron oxide nanoparticles, except Amine iron oxide nanoparticles (at levels of 200 and 300 mg / kg), was significantly (p < 0.01) increased compared to control. The maximum amount of soil available Zn were observed in levels of 300, 200 and 100 mg.kg-1 Carboxyl iron oxide nanoparticles with 83.64, 70.91 and 63.64% increment compared to control, respectively. Effect of treatments of functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles and zinc sulfate on chlorophyll content, plant height and dry weight of shoots was significant (p < 0.01). The maximum yield of root and shoot was obtained at the level of 300 mg.kg-1 of Carboxyl iron oxide nanoparticles with 34.74 and 25.1% increment compared to control, respectively. The maximum grain yield was observed at the level of 300 mg.kg-1 of Carboxyl iron oxide nanoparticles with 36.51% increment compared to control. The maximum chlorophyll content was obtained in Carboxyl iron oxide nanoparticles (at level of 300 mg. kg-1) with 11.38% increment compared to control. The maximum of Zinc concentration in root, shoot and grain was observed at the level of 300 mg.kg-1 carboxylic oxide nanoparticles with 103.62, 159.26 and 26.87% increment compared to control, respectively. Conclusions The results showed that application of FIONPs improved soil pH and subsequently available zinc of soil. Also, nanoparticles increased the yield, concentration and uptake of zinc in root, shoots and grain of wheat. Therefore, based on the obtained results from this study, it can be said that use of new strategies such as nanoparticles can be useful in improving soil conditions and bioavailability of Micronutrient like Zinc and reducing chemical fertilizers.
M. Ashtari; M.A. Asoodar
Volume 34, Issue 1 , December 2011, , Pages 1-12
Abstract
One of the problems of canola production is the lack of interest in farmers towards planting this crop. This could stem from lack of suitable planting method and the high amount of grain loss at harvest. In order to evaluate the effect of seeding methods, type of combine platforms and their interaction ...
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One of the problems of canola production is the lack of interest in farmers towards planting this crop. This could stem from lack of suitable planting method and the high amount of grain loss at harvest. In order to evaluate the effect of seeding methods, type of combine platforms and their interaction on canola grain yield and harvesting losses, a field experiment was conducted in Safi Abad, Khuzestan during 2007. The experiment was a split plot, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The seeding methods were the main plots, including two flat seeding methods with 12 and 24 cm row spacing and two row planting methods with 2 and 3 seeding lines on the row. Combine harvester platforms were the subplots, including conventional cereal platform and canola harvesting header extension. The results indicated that the seeding method significantly (P≤0.05) affected the yield, plant density at harvest time and stem diameter of canola. The highest yield (3224.92 kg/ha) was obtained with the flat seeding method with 24 cm row spacing and the lowest yield (2513.66 kg/ha) was obtained with the row planting method with 2 seeding lines on the row. Type of platform significantly (P≤0.01) affected the amount of grain loss. The grain loss of 20.99% of the total yield (593.03 kg/ha) was obtained by using the conventional cereal platform and grain loss of 13.08% of the total yield (370.48 kg/ha) was attained using the header extension.
