Research Paper
Zahra Amiri; Seyed Mehdi Nassiri; Mohammad Hossein Raoufat; Mohammad Amin Nematollahi
Abstract
Introduction: Oilseeds after cereals ranked at second place as human’s food sources. Among them, sunflower is one of the main oilseed for cultivation. Because of increasing demand rate for edible oil import, it is necessary to avoid any grain loss during harvesting and processing of oilseeds. In ...
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Introduction: Oilseeds after cereals ranked at second place as human’s food sources. Among them, sunflower is one of the main oilseed for cultivation. Because of increasing demand rate for edible oil import, it is necessary to avoid any grain loss during harvesting and processing of oilseeds. In some sunflower fields, mechanical harvesting is hardly done by combines due to difficulty for movement as well as the small-cultivated area. Then, manual harvesting and processing of sunflower heads and grains are appropriate and most used field operations. Detachments of grains from heads is a tedious work and labor-intensive operation. Also, form medical and ergonomic point of views it makes physical problem for workers. All commercial equipment thrash field dried sunflower heads, entirely. Therefore, some wastes are produced at preharvest (in field), threshing and separation processes. Some research have been conducted to adjust combine to decrease grain losses. Cylinder rotational speed and type, distance between cylinder and concave, heads moisture content and threshing unit feed rate were such adjustment. However, none of the detached grains from head without head threshing. On the other hand, losses to about 46% during harvesting the sunflowers with the combine, a partially mechanized approach for grain detachment was chosen in this study. Materials and methods: To do this an existing sunflower seed detacher unit (Jahani, 2014) was equipped with cleaning unit. In addition, the unit efficiency was improved by optimizing the device settings. This device consisted of a feeding conveyor belt, two series detacher cylinder with 8 cm rubber fingers covered all through their peripherals in segregated patterns, cleaning unit, two electric motor and deriving mechanism (belt and pulley). Cleaning unit comprised an axial flow fan and an inclined guide canal for grain movement. Fan was selected in such a way that separate the gross waste materials mixed with grain, detached from heads by laboratory test using a terminal velocity test rig. Slope and material of canal was determined by laboratory trials using a test rig to measure sliding coefficient of grain batches. For evaluating the unit performance, laboratory experiment was carried out at four levels of rotational speed of the detacher cylinders (300, 450, 510 and 600 rpm) and four levels of grain moisture content (7, 15, 20 and 27% db) in three replications. Cylinder rotational speed and feeding belt speed were selected based on Janani’s research results. Feeding belt speeds were adjusted in such a way that the speed ration of linear velocity of cylinders to feeding belt were constant and about 72.2 as reported by Jahani (2014). Moisture content levels were considered based on harvesting, processing and storage conditions of sunflower grains. Raw data were used to compute percentage of seed detachment, percentage of separation and grain fracture percentage. Results: ANOVA revealed that main factors of cylinders rotational speed and moisture contents and their interaction significantly affected percentage of separation (p < 0.01). Increasing in moisture content reduced the amount of detached grains from head due to flexibility of grains at higher moisture content and damping impact of rubber fingers. In addition, it was reported that lower moisture content produced lower adhesive force between grain outer surface and the pod. On the hand, increasing in rotational speed increased the amount of detached seed because of impact of rubber fingers and stored kinetic energy in shelled grains. The most detaching was obtained at 600 rpm and 5% moisture content. The rotational speed and grain moisture content and their interaction significantly (p < 0.01) affected percentage of fractured grains. Moisture content had more share for grain failure than rotational speed. Higher fracture was observed at lower moisture contents and higher cylinder speeds, so that it was around 6.4% at 600 rpm and 7% moisture. According to the results, cleaning was affected by moisture content alone and higher percentage took place at lower moisture contents because of lighter produced wastes. Overall, considering all above aforementioned indices, cylinder rotational speed of 600 rpm and grain moisture content of 20 % was the appropriate adjustment set for grain detaching. In such adjustment, detachment rate was as high as 94.6 %, grain fracture was limited to 0.27 %, cleaning was 68 % and the output capacity of the machine of 268 kgh-1 was achieved. More adjustment on fan speed is required to increase the rate of cleaning to approach hundred percent of cleanness.
Applicable
Amir Rahimi; Behnam Doulati; Saeid Heydarzadeh; Fatemeh Ahmadi
Abstract
Today, water scarcity is one of the biggest concerns of agriculture in arid and semi-arid areas. In order to investigate the effect of vermicompost, biofertilizers and nitrogen on the quantitative and qualitative performance of Badershob under different moisture conditions, a factorial experiment was ...
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Today, water scarcity is one of the biggest concerns of agriculture in arid and semi-arid areas. In order to investigate the effect of vermicompost, biofertilizers and nitrogen on the quantitative and qualitative performance of Badershob under different moisture conditions, a factorial experiment was performed in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments, including irrigation (I) at three levels of 40, 60 and 80% moisture, can be used at the root development depth as the first factor and soil fertility at five levels: non-consumption of fertilizer (F0), urea (150 kg per hectare). Nitrogen-stabilizing release (NFB), vermicompost (V) and vermicompost + release nitrogen-fixing (V + NFB) release bacteria were applied as the second factor. The results showed that water scarcity led to a significant reduction in the amount of nutrients (zinc, manganese and copper) and photosynthetic pigments, while plants inoculated with V + NFB significantly increased the amount of zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and Copper (Cu) has become more fertile than soil. The combined use of V + NFB increased chlorophyll a (45%), chlorophyll b (50%), total chlorophyll (46%) and carotenoids (39%) compared to the control treatment. The content of total phenol, flavonoids, the percentage of radical inhibition of DPPH, the percentage of relative moisture content and dry yield of the plant led to an increase of 36, 37, 35, 29 and 31%, respectively, in optimal irrigation conditions and 31, 29, 30, 21 and 23%. Comparison of the average soil fertility treatments in different irrigation levels showed that soil fertility application led to a decrease in proline content. Accordingly, the highest amount of proline (31 micrograms of warmer weight) of the control treatment was observed in irrigation conditions after consuming 80% of the usable moisture in the root development depth and without the use of soil fertility treatments. However, the lowest proline levels of 15.61 micromoles per kg of body weight were obtained in irrigated conditions after consuming 40% of the moisture usable in root development depth and fertilizer and vermicompost treatment + nitrogen stabilizing release bacteria (V + NFB). According to the results of variance analysis, different irrigation levels and soil fertility treatments had a significant effect on the amount of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide. According to the results of the comparison of the mean of the data, the delay in irrigation significantly increased the concentration of malondialdehyde. While the use of soil fertility treatments has shown an effective role in reducing the amount of malondialdehyde, the highest and lowest levels of this trait were observed in control treatment and combined treatment of vermicompost and nitrogen-fixing release bacteria (V + NFB), respectively. Combination treatment of vermicompost and nitrogen-fixing release bacteria (V + NFB) reduced the amount of hydrogen peroxide at all three different irrigation levels compared to the control treatment.Soil fertility combined with soil fertility treatments was less than the individual application conditions In moderate stress conditions and 21, 19, 18, 17 and 17% in severe stress conditions in plants inoculated with V + NFB. From the obtained results, it is inferred that the application of the combined system of organic, biological and chemical fertilizers due to the increase of compatible solutions and regulation of antioxidant systems, as an effective solution to soil fertility and increase nutrient uptake, improves environmental stress. Comparison of the average data obtained from the interaction of different levels of irrigation and soil fertility treatments clearly showed that the combined use of fertilizer and vermicompost + nitrogen-fixing release bacteria (V + NFB) and treatment application of vermicompost increased the effect of increasing irrigation at all different levels. The percentage of leaf moisture content showed. The lowest percentage of leaf moisture content (52.45%) in irrigation conditions was obtained after consuming 80% of the moisture that can be used in the root development depth and without the use of soil fertility treatments. A study of the results of this study showed that the combined use of vermicompost and nitrogen-fixing release bacteria (V + NFB) reduces the effects of drought stress. Many of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the plant are fragrant.Therefore, the results of this study showed that the use of soil fertilizers by improving plant tolerance in water stress conditions leads to improved plant performance.
Research Paper
Saleh Sanjari; Mohammad Hady Farpoor; Majid Mahmoodabadi; Saied Barkhori
Abstract
Introduction Soil classification is a process of showing basic differences among soil classes (5). Different soil classification systems are created for soil classification, but Soil Taxonomy and World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) are among the most favoured systems in the world including ...
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Introduction Soil classification is a process of showing basic differences among soil classes (5). Different soil classification systems are created for soil classification, but Soil Taxonomy and World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) are among the most favoured systems in the world including Iran. This system (WRB) is accepted by soil scientists in the world and Soil Taxonomy has also been used in several countries (7). Each of the two mentioned systems has its own strong and/or weak points to show soil characteristics. However, comparing Soil Taxonomy and WRB for calcareous and gypsiferous soils of central Iran, Sarmast et al. (16) reported that according to specifiers used in WRB, this system could be more efficient than Soil Taxonomy. Various environmental conditions and its fluctuations in Kerman Province caused different soils to be formed in the province. Use of soil moisture and temperature regimes by Soil Taxonomy which is totally neglected by WRB system may emphasize that Soil Taxonomy could provide better results for these soils. That is why the present research was performed to compare Soil Taxonomy and WRB systems in the area of the present research with different climates and to show the efficiency of the two systems to describe selected soil characteristics in Kerman Province. Materials and Methods According to climatic variations, four study sites were selected in Kerman Province. Sites 1 (elevation of < 2000 m asl) and 2 (elevation of >2000 m asl) in Baft and Rabor areas were located in the south west of the province. Moreover, sites 3 (around Jiroft and Anbarabad) and 4 (around Roodbar-e-Jonoob and Ghaleganj) were located at the center and south of the province, respectively (Fig. 1). Table 1 shows the soil moisture and temperature regimes of the areas under study (3). Twenty-five pedons on different geomorphic surfaces were described and one representative pedon on each geomorphic surface (total of 11 representative pedons) were selected (Fig 1). Soil description and sampling performed (18) and the collected samples transferred to the laboratory. It is to be noticed that soil moisture regime in site 3 has changed from ustic to aridic during normal years defined in Soil Taxonomy. Ustic/ hypertermic soil moisture/temperature regimes were reported for soils of Jiroft and Anbarabad according to the soil moisture and temperature map of soils of Iran (3). However, according to the latest climatic data (30 years' data and the concept of normal years as defind in Soil Taxonomy, 2014) used in the NSM Software, the soil moisture regime was estimated as weak aridic. Results and Discussion Histic, mollic, argillic, natric, calcic, anhydritic, and cambic horizons were investigated after field work and laboratory analyses. Results of the study show that addition of new Calcixeralfs, Gypsiustalfs, and Gypsicalcids great groups together with newly added Calcic Natrargids, Calcic Natrustalfs, Gypsic Calciustalfs, Typic Petrogypsids, Anhydritic Haplogypsids, and Angydritic Petrogypsids subgroups to the Soil Taxonomy system from one hand, and addition of anhydrite and hypercalcic qualifiers to WRB from the other hand, cause a higher correlation between the two systems. Besides, climatic fluctuations of the recent years in Jiroft and Anbarabad areas caused a change in the soil moisture regime according to normal years defined in Soil Taxonomy. That is why soil name was changed in Soil Taxonomy system. However, WRB system shows no variation because this system is not related to climatic data. Since anhydritic horizon was added to Soil Taxonomy (2014) system, addition of this horizon is recommended to WRB for better correlation of the two systems as was also suggested by Sarmast et al. (16). Meanwhile, soil names in the WRB system provide more information about characteristics of young soil (including yermic qualifier to show desert pavement) compared to Soil Taxonomy.Conclusion Soil classifications showed that WRB system could describe soil characteristics in the area more efficiently compared to Soil Taxonomy. Climate change caused a variation in soil moisture regime of Jiroft and Anbarabad areas according to normal years of Soil Taxonomy system, which in turn changed soil nomenclature in this system. WRB system is not related to climate that is why soil names were not changed in the above mentioned areas. Besides, WRB system is more efficient to classify gypsiferous soils because gypsum content which is an important factor for management of gypsiferous soils is better focused by WRB. However, lack of anhydritic horizon in the WRB system is a weak point, that is why addition of this horizon was suggested by the authors. It is recommended that soil moisture/temperature regimes of study sites be calculated by softwares using climatic data because the climatic variations of the recent years might have changed the soil moisture/temperature regimes reported in the map of 1998 due to the definition of normal years defind in Soil Taxonomy.
Research Paper
Somayeh Torktaz; Ali Mohammad Borghaee; Jafar Massah
Abstract
Introduction :Robots are suitable for doing things that are tedious, difficult or dangerous to humans. One of the recent applications of robots is to perform various operations in the agricultural sector. The limitations in human resources and the demand for higher efficiency per unit area has made it ...
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Introduction :Robots are suitable for doing things that are tedious, difficult or dangerous to humans. One of the recent applications of robots is to perform various operations in the agricultural sector. The limitations in human resources and the demand for higher efficiency per unit area has made it necessary to use robots in agriculture. In the study, a robot spraying manipulator based on the Stewart mechanism was designed and constructed to perform spraying operations inside the greenhouse with the help of a manual end effector (mechanical robotic arm). In general, manually applied spraying does not spread evenly on all plants, resulting in increased toxic waste, there are also spraying labor costs in this method, so it is not economically viable. Hand spraying is a problem caused by direct contact with the toxin, which puts people in direct contact with chemicals at greater risk for a variety of diseases. Therefore, most of the toxic chemicals used to overcome weeds are a threat to humans and the environment. By poisoning the skin, mouth or breathing can be highly toxic.Materials and Methods: The end effector sprayer is based on Stewart's mechanism and by using six degrees of freedom, allowing nozzles to spray at different angles on plants. For this purpose, six step motors were used to provide the rotational force of the operator's end effectors, which was launched with the Arduino system. In order to supply electrical energy, operator's end effectors and Arduino devices utilized a 500-watt computer power supply, calculating the dynamics and reverse kinematics of the Stewart platform, we specified unique codes for its rotation. In this study, inverse kinematics was used to obtain the position of the joints by knowing the position of the center the moving platform and connecting the connectors to the moving platform by the hinge joints, and to the actuators arm by the spherical joint. The dynamics of the actuator, the movement of the moving platform by the actuators was calculated. In this method, the direction of the moving platform the step motors are driven a time by the microcontroller in pairwise manner. Using arms and linkers, stepper motors could move the platform in three different angles. Due to the angle and radius of the arm's, the moving platform has an angle of 18 degrees to the horizon, which makes it able to spray directly into the target plant and make a same coating. Also the velocity and acceleration of the moving platform movement were calculated according to the rotational speed of the stepper motors the maximum velocity and linear acceleration of the moving platform are calculated 141 mm / s and 244mm/s2 respectively. Results and Discussion: In order to accurately evaluate the performance of the sprayer, laboratory experiments were carried out to verify the performance of the control system and determine the height of spraying at different intervals. The end effector nozzle height was 117 cm above the ground, and the moving platform end effector with zero degree angle, and 18 degree spraying. It was determined that at a distance of 0.5 m 1 m and 1.5 m from the nozzle, the spraying heights were 100 cm, 57.7 cm and 12 cm accordingly. Based on this evaluation, spraying operation which was carried out at a distance of 0.5 m from the nozzle could reach highest level of spraying height. Finally, after modeling the end effector with solidworks software, it was simulated in the Adams software environment and by transferring the model to Adams, the force applied to the moving platform by the actuators, the velocity and acceleration of the moving platform were investigated. In the simulation, the applied force was evaluated by a pair of actuators on the moving platform, with the software output predicting the applied force correctly. In examining the linear velocity of the moving platform, the software output was about 5 cm/s more than the actual value and also in the simulation of linear platform moving acceleration, the software output was equal to the calculated value.Conclusion: According to studies, this is the first time that the platform has been used in robotic sprinklers, and could be a reference for further research in the field due to its innovation. This end effector had no singularity at an angle of 0 to 18 degrees and in both directions, spraying had a 10% difference in spraying. According to the simulation results performed with Adams software, the amount of force applied by the propellers was linear on the moving platform. Moreover, according to the simulation results with the aforementioned software, the acceleration changes of the moving platform were also linear.
Applicable
Ali Khorasani; abdolamir Bosatni
Abstract
Assessment of Irrigation System and Nitrogen Fertilizer Level on Nitrate Distribution in Soil Using Nitrogen-15 Isotope Tracking TechniqueIntroduction: Soil contamination is the presence, diffusion or fusion of foreign matter into the soil, altering its physical and chemical quality in a manner that ...
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Assessment of Irrigation System and Nitrogen Fertilizer Level on Nitrate Distribution in Soil Using Nitrogen-15 Isotope Tracking TechniqueIntroduction: Soil contamination is the presence, diffusion or fusion of foreign matter into the soil, altering its physical and chemical quality in a manner that is harmful to humans, plants and the environment. Soil nitrate pollution due to excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer and inappropriate irrigation causes nitrate accumulation under the active root zone and its movement to groundwater and endangers the environment. By labelling the soil with 15N-labelled nitrate or urea it is possible to trace the fate of fertilizer derived nitrate down the soil profile. This can be achieved by taking sequential by using suction cups to sample the nitrate in the soil solution. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of irrigation system and nitrogen fertilizer level on the amount and pattern of nitrate distribution in different soil depths.Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with a split plot in two plots and three replications on tomato plant in Agricultural Research Farm of Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute. Furrow and drip irrigation systems as the main factor and fertilizer treatment (100 and 200 kg N/ha from urea fertilizer source), soil depths (including 15, 30 and 60 cm) and sampling time (Includes 28, 40, 61 and 80 days after plantin) were first, second and third sub-factors respectively. In order to trace nitrogen, CO(15NH2)2 urea fertilizer with enrichment of 4.634% was used. Three soil solution extractors were installed at depths of 15, 30 and 60 cm in each isotopic plot in each replication and extraction was performed 4 times. Soil solution nitrate and 15N/14N isotope ratio were measured by spectrophotometer and mass spectrometer respectively. Results and Discussion: The highest soil nitrate-N (N-NO3) concentration(94.31 mg L-1) in furrow irrigation (Fertilizer level of 200 kg N ha-1, soil depth of 60 cm and third time of soil solution sampling) and its lowest concentration(1.73 mg l-1) in drip fertigation system (fertilizer level of 100 kg N ha-1, soil depth of 60 cm and fourth time of soil solution sampling) was observed. The results showed that the concentration of nitrate-N in the drip fertigation system was higher at a depth of 15 cm (active root depth) than at depths of 30 and 60 cm. The highest concentration of nitrate nitrogen derived from the source of nitrogen-15 (N-15NO3 dff)(88.82 mgl-1) in furrow irrigation (Fertilizer level of 200 kg N ha-1, soil depth of 60 cm and third time of soil solution sampling) and the lowest concentration (0.12 mgl-1) in drip irrigation fertilizer (fertilizer level of 100 kg N ha-1, soil depth of 30 cm and second time of soil solution sampling) was observed. Nitrate-N concentration derived from labeled fertilizer source in furrow irrigation at a depth of 60 cm (below the active root depth in furrow irrigation) was greater than the depths of 15 and 30 cm. the results also showed that The highest concentration(42.25 mgl-1) of nitrate-N derived from soil source in drip fertigation system (fertilizer level of 200 kg N ha-1, soil depth of 15 cm and first time of soil solution sampling) and the lowest concentration (0.29 mgl-1) in drip fertigation system (100 kg N ha-1, soil depth of 60 Cm and the fourth time of soil solution sampling) was observed.Conclusion: The results showed that of the total nitrate nitrogen in the 0-60 cm depth, the values (62, 29 and 9%) in the drip and (10, 34 and 56%) in the furrow irrigation system in Depths of 15, 30 and 60 cm were observed respectively. Nitrogen-15 data showed that of the total soil nitrate nitrogen, the values of 20 and 80 percent in fertigation system and 77 and 23 percent in furrow irrigation system was observed from labeled fertilizer and soil source, respectively. increasing nitrate accumulation was observed in soil depth of 60 cm with increasing nitrogen application in furrow irrigation. The use of fertigation system was effective to prevent nitrogen loss from the active root zone of the plant. In general, fertigation system and fertilizer level of 100 kg N ha-1 was the best irrigation method and the best fertilizer level to reduce nitrate leaching losses in the conditions of this study.
Research Paper
Majed Ghosairy Sabry; Kamal Ganjalipour; Kamal Nabiollahi
Abstract
Introduction: CT scan was first invented by Hounsfield in the twentieth century in 1972. But it was soon used in engineering, agriculture, biology, physics, chemistry, etc. Recently, with advances in computed tomography at the global level, the use of different generations of X-rays on a micrometer scale ...
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Introduction: CT scan was first invented by Hounsfield in the twentieth century in 1972. But it was soon used in engineering, agriculture, biology, physics, chemistry, etc. Recently, with advances in computed tomography at the global level, the use of different generations of X-rays on a micrometer scale to study some of the different phenomena in soil science has begun. Due to the lack of geotechnical and soil mechanics studies in many engineering projects, CT scan image processing method can be used as a suitable method for extracting soil particle size and other soil characteristics. The main purpose of this study: a) The use of CBCT-scan in soil science for the first time in Iran. B) Comparing the ability of CBCT-scan in terms of quality of results with conventional methods. C) Identify the best filter and binary method (threshold). Another goal of this research is to acquaint more researchers with the application of computed tomography (CT-scan) technology in soil science studies.Material and Methods: The sampling area for this study was located in Diwandareh-Saqez axis in Kurdistan province, where six disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected in a sandy area (12 samples in total). In disturbed samples, particle size distribution was measured by ASTM D421 method, and the porosity of the samples was measured directly using the fuzzy equations in soil mechanics. In a radiology laboratory, three-dimensional images of intact soil samples were taken using a Planmeca Promax 3D CBCT CT scanner. In this study, ImageJ software was used to process CBCT-scan images. With this software, the percentage of phases, number of particles and particle size can be calculated. One of the most important steps in image processing is generating binary images. A total of 17 global thresholding methods have been proposed for generating binary images in ImageJ software. In this study, 15 standard methods for generating binary images were examined and the best method was selected. The total pore volume and soil particle size distribution of each sample calculated by quantifying X-ray images were compared with the total pore volume and soil particle size distribution obtained in the soil science laboratory and performance of the CT scan method evaluated by statistical parameters including The results of the accuracy evaluation for the correlation coefficient, mean absolute value of deviations, mean square error, root mean square error, and mean absolute error percentage.Results and discussion: The most significant point in image processing is the image thresholding method. In this study, due to the nature of CBCT-scan images, global thresholding was preferred. From the results of image processing, it can be understood that the results of binary images with Otsu and Intermodes methods are in complete agreement with the laboratory sample. The average of total porosity of the processing image slides is 44.03%, which is approximately consistent with the calculated 45/6% for the laboratory sample. Also, the average of ineffective porosity of the samples is about 6.53%. Therefore, it can be said that the effective porosity of the samples is about 37.5%. The results of the accuracy evaluation for the correlation coefficient, mean absolute value of deviations, mean square error, root mean square error, and mean absolute error percentage were 0.98, 1.082, 1.229, 1.108 and 2.334 respectively, indicating that the use of CBCT-scan images and image processing technique can identify and evaluate the geometric properties of granular soils with acceptable accuracy. The advantages of the computed tomography method of the soil are: (1) Obtaining information from the three-dimensional structure of the soil with appropriate accuracy in a short time, (2) Non-destructiveness of this method, and (3) Accurate separation into soil phases in different energy radiations.Conclusion: Using the processes defined by the authors for image processing, this technique is well able to determine some engineering features such as particle size distribution, total porosity, effective porosity and ineffective porosity. Also, the best thresholding method for binary images and processing in ImageJ is the Ostu and Intermodes method. The accuracy of the device used in this research is 0.2 mm, in other words, spaces or grains smaller than this value cannot be identified; For this reason, in the present study, the term coarse-textured soils, which means gravel to coarse-grained sand, has been emphasized. The results of evaluating the statistical parameters testify to the accuracy and ability of this method.
Research Paper
Saeed Mohamadi; Nafiseh Rang Zan; Habibollah Nadian Ghomsheh
Abstract
Introduction Due to the inefficiency of some chemical fertilizers of trace elements, the high cost of import organic fertilizers containing these elements and also the lack of proper uptake of phosphorus in soils in arid and semi-arid regions, and the desire to produce better quality products, the use ...
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Introduction Due to the inefficiency of some chemical fertilizers of trace elements, the high cost of import organic fertilizers containing these elements and also the lack of proper uptake of phosphorus in soils in arid and semi-arid regions, and the desire to produce better quality products, the use of organic matter enriched with nutrients such as phosphorus and iron seems essential. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effect of different levels of iron refuse and phosphate soil as an enrichment and investigating the interaction effects of enrichment on the growth components of tomato plants.Materials and Methods To study the effect of compost enriched with iron refuse and phosphate soil on tomato plant, pot experimen was conducted with experimental treatments including compost enriched with iron refuse at three levels of 0, 5 and 20%, compost enriched with phosphate soil at three levels 0, 5% and 10%. To prepare the potting soil before applying the treatments, 10% by weight of sand was added to the soil. Iron refuse were prepared from the factory of National Iranian Steel Industrial Group and phosphate soil from Esfordi phosphate company and after air drying, the percentage of iron and total phosphorus were measured using standard methods (wet digestion). Compost prepared from green space wastes was also digest to investigate some chemical properties. Obtained data were performed analysed in factoriall in completely randomized design with three replications. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software and mean comparisons were performed by Duncan's multiple range test. Charts were drawn using Excel software.Results and Discussion The results showed the highest plant height was observed in the treatment of 20% iron enrichment with 10% phosphorus enrichment at the rate of 57.9 cm. Comparisons of the mean effect of iron enrichment on total chlorophyll in tomato leaves showed that in general, with increasing the percentage of iron, total chlorophyll increased by 17.6 and 18.2%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. In other words, enrichment of compost with iron refuse increases the plant chlorophyll content by 39%, which is 34% for phosphorus enrichment. The maximum chlorophyll content of the plant was observed in the treatment of 20% iron enrichment with 10% phosphorus, which was not significantly different from the 20% iron enrichment treatment and 5% phosphorus enrichment treatment. Therefore, simultaneous enrichment of compost with iron and phosphorus can increase the quality of crops, especially leafy vegetables. According to the results, increasing the level of iron enrichment from zero to 20% caused 42.4% increase in plant dry weight, which is reported to be 24.9% for phosphorus enrichment. In general, as expected, with increasing the percentage of phosphorus in compost, the concentration of phosphorus in the shoot of tomato plant increased. Iron concentration in the plant increases by 10.9% with increasing phosphorus enrichment level from zero to 5%; In contrast, the use of phosphate soil at the level of 5% caused a decrease in zinc and copper concentrations of the plant by 21.5% and 15.2%, respectively. In many cases, the phosphorus and iron have reducing effects on each other due to the deposition of soluble iron in the form of insoluble phosphate compounds. According to the results of the present study, when an organic medium such as compost is used to add these two elements to the soil, the effect of organic matter on the formation of soluble chelates can increase the amount of avalable iron. Organic matter also has an undeniable effect on preventing the stabilization of phosphorus, which causes its release due to the direct decomposition of organic matter or the production of organic acids. Cupper was found to be more sensitive to increasing the amount of phosphorus in soil.Conclusion The use of enriching compounds by improving plant nutritional conditions can lead to improve effects of organic amendments such as compost. The use of phosphate-enriched compost and iron refuse, increased the yield of tomato plants. According to the results, high levels of enrichment to some extent limit the uptake of zinc and copper, which is related to the interaction of elements with each other and changes in concentration ratios. Due to the lack of micronutrients in most crops and horticulture and the competition of elements in the soil, in many cases there is a decline in product quality, so it is suggested that following the present study, some studies to be conducted to investigate the simultaneous enrichment of other micronutrients such as zinc and copper and balance dose of enrichment so that maximum absorption is achieved simultaneously for all target elements. The use of waste from different sources to balance the enrichment of organic materials, in addition to reducing costs, will lead to the recycling of large volumes of waste.
