نوع مقاله : کاربردی

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران

3 استاد گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران

چکیده

بیشتر خاک‌ها یا کمبود روی دارند یا حاوی روی در شکل غیر قابل دسترس برای گیاه هستند. از طرفی شوری خاک یکی از مهم‌ترین و رایج‌ترین تنش‌های محیطی در جهان است. تاثیر شوری بر شکلهای روی و زیست‌فراهمی آن در خاک متفاوت بوده است. در این مطالعه، به منظور بررسی اثر دوده کربن و مخلوط باکتریایی بر توزیع شکلهای شیمیایی روی تحت تنش شوری، آزمایشی گلدانی با چهار تکرار به صورت فاکتوریل با سه فاکتور شامل شوری در سه سطح (۲، ۵ و ۸ دسی زیمنس بر متر) و دوده کربن در دو سطح (0، 4 درصد وزنی) و مخلوط دو باکتری در دو سطح (مایه‌زنی وبدون مایه‌زنی) در قالب طرح پایه‌ی کاملا تصادفی در سال 1402 در گلخانه‌ای دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان انجام گرفت. برای تعیین شکل‌های شیمیایی روی از روش عصاره‌گیری متوالی استفاده شد. پس از پایان آزمایش کربن زیتوده میکروبی، فعالیت کاتالاز و تنفس خاک اندازه گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد کاربرد مخلوط دو باکتری و دوده کربن باعث افزایش معنی‌دار شکل‌های محلول و تبادلی، کربناتی، اکسید آهن و منگنز و آلی گردید. مایه‌زنی مخلوط باکتریایی و افزودن دوده کربن به خاک در سطح شوری ۲ دسی زیمنس بر متر باعث افزایش شکل محلول و قابل تبادل روی از 02/1 در خاک بدون اعمال تیمار به 38/1 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم شد که معادل 35 درصد افزایش بود. مایه-زنی مخلوط باکتریها و افزودن دوده کربن به خاک موجب افزایش تمام شکل-های روی بجز شکل باقیمانده شد. با افزایش سطح شوری مقدار شکل‌های محلول و تبادلی،کربناتی و اکسیدی افزایش و شکل آلی کاهش یافت. بیشترین مقدار کربن زیتوده میکروبی، فعالیت کاتالاز و تنفس میکروبی خاک در تیمار دارای باکتری، دوده کربن و در سطح شوری 2 دسی‌‌زیمنس بر متر به ترتیب با مقادیر mgCmic100g-1 9/19 ، mLKMnO4g-1h-1 95/0 و mgCO2100g-1day-1 2/70 اندازه‌گیری شد. همبستگی مثبت بین تنفس خاک و تمام شکل‌های روی به جز شکل باقیمانده وجود داشت، اما همبستگی بین تنفس خاک و شکل باقیمانده روی منفی بود که نشان ‌دهنده تاثیر فعالیت میکروبی بر شکل‌های مختلف روی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Carbon Black and Zinc-Solubilizing Bacteria on the Chemical Distribution of Zinc in Soil under Salinity Stress

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sepideh Raeisi 1
  • Nafiseh Rangzan 2
  • Naeimeh Enayatizamir 3

1 Department of Soil Science, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran.

3 Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Zinc (Zn) is a vital nutrient for plants, needed in small amounts for their reproductive and physiological functions. Zinc deficiency is common in soils with high pH, low organic matter, and high calcium carbonate. Soil salinity is one of the most important and common environmental stresses in the world. The impact of salinity on the forms of zinc and its availability in soil has varied. Among the chemical forms of zinc, the soluble and exchangeable forms have the highest mobility and availability for plants; whereas the residual form, associated with the crystalline lattice of soil minerals, appears to be very inactive. Depending on the physical and chemical properties of the soil, the carbonate forms, those bound to iron and manganese oxides, and the organic forms of elements are relatively active and have the potential to be available for plants. Organic materials like carbon black can alter zinc distribution. Zinc-solubilizing bacteria enhance zinc availability by converting insoluble forms into absorbable ones. This study examines the effects of carbon black and growth-promoting bacteria on zinc forms and soil properties under varying salinity levels.



Materials and Methods: In this study, to investigate the effect of carbon black and inoculation of a mixture of two bacteria on the distribution of chemical forms of zinc under salinity stress, a pot experiment with four replications was conducted as factorial with three factors: salinity (2, 5, and 8 dS m-1), carbon black (0, 4% by weight), and a mixture of two bacteria (inoculated and non-inoculated). The bacteria included Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus sp., which were obtained from the microbial collection of the Soil Science Department at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design in 2023 in the greenhouse of Khuzestan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University. In 5-kilogram pots, 10 corn seeds were planted, which were reduced to 6 plants per pot after ensuring germination. Two months after planting, soil samples were taken from the pots, and after removing the roots and passing through a 2-millimeter sieve, they were transferred to the laboratory to determine the chemical forms of zinc. The sequential extraction method was used to determine the chemical forms of zinc. The fractions—exchangeable, carbonate, iron and manganese oxides, organic, and residual—were determined. The concentration of zinc in the extracts obtained from the various stages of sequential extraction of the soil was read using an atomic absorption device. Some biological properties of soil, such as microbial biomass carbon via fumigation-extraction method, catalase activity via the titration method, and soil respiration by titration of residual NaOH, were measured.



Results and Discussion: The interaction effect of carbon black× inoculation× salinity on chemical forms of Zn was significant. The results showed that the inoculation of a mixture of two bacteria and addition of carbon black in soil significantly increased the soluble and exchangeable, carbonate, iron and manganese oxide, and organic forms of zinc. Inoculation of a mixture of two bacteria and carbon black to the soil at a salinity level of 2 dSm-1 resulted in an increase in EXCH-zinc from 1.02 to 1.38 mgkg-1 compared to the control, which is equivalent to a 35% increase. Inoculation of the bacterial mixture and the addition of carbon black to the soil increased all forms of zinc except the residual form. With increasing salinity level, the amounts of soluble and exchangeable, carbonate-bound, and oxide-bound forms increased, while the organic-bound form decreased. The highest amounts of microbial biomass carbon, catalase activity, and soil respiration were measured in the treatment with bacteria, carbon black, and at a salinity level of 2 dS m-1, with values of 19.9 mg-Cmic 100g-1, 0.95 mLKMnO4g-1h-1, and 70.2 mgCO2 100g-1day-1, respectively. There was a positive correlation between soil respiration and all forms of zinc, except the residual form, but the correlation between soil respiration and the residual form of zinc was negative, indicating the influence of microbial activity on different forms of zinc.

Conclusion: The addition of a carbon black to the soil and inoculation of a mixture of two bacteria caused zinc to convert from residual form to soluble and exchangeable, carbonate, oxide, and organic forms, increasing the availability of zinc in accessible fractions at various salinity levels. Overall, zinc-solubilizing bacteria offer a promising solution for enhancing zinc availability in saline soils, promoting plant health, and contributing to sustainable agricultural practices.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Bacterium
  • Catalase activity
  • Microbial biomass carbon
  • Soil respiration
  • Zinc