نوع مقاله : مقالات تحلیلی-تفسیری
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد میوه کاری، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز ، اهواز، ایران
2 استادیار، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز ، اهواز، ایران
3 دانشیار، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز ، اهواز، ایران
4 استادیار گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران
چکیده
در این پژوهش روند تغییر غلظت عناصر نیتروژن، فسفر، پتاسیم، کلسیم، آهن، مس، بور، روی و منگنز در برگ سه رقم خرما (برحی، استعمران و زاهدی) طی چهار فصل (زمستان 1400 تا پاییز 1401) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. آزمایش در باغ تحقیقاتی خرما واقع در دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، در قالب بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد فصل بر غلظت عناصر به جز نیتروژن و منگنز اثرگذار هست. برهمکنش فصل و رقم بر غلظت نیتروژن در سطح پنج درصد و بر غلظت سایر عناصر در سطح یک درصد اثر معنی‌دار داشت. رقم برحی از لحاظ عناصر پرمصرف به ویژه طی فصول رشد (بهار و تابستان) از وضعیت تغذیه مناسب‌تری برخوردار بود. بیشترین تفاوت غلظت عناصر، بین فصل زمستان با فصول رشد بهار و تابستان مشاهده شد. حداقل نیتروژن (94/0 درصد) برای رقم زاهدی در بهار و زمستان و حداکثر 01/2 درصد برای رقم برحی (زمستان) متغیر بود. غلظت فسفر از کمترین حد (13/0 درصد) در زمستان و بهار تا بیشترین (36/0 درصد) در تابستان برای رقم برحی ثبت شد. دامنه تغییرات پتاسیم از 01/1 درصد (استعمران، پاییز) تا 18/1 درصد (زاهدی، زمستان) متغیر بود. دامنه تغییرات غلظت کلسیم بین 76/0 تا 92/0 درصد ثبت شد. همچنین دامنه تغییرات غلظت آهن طی سال از 65 تا 130 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم و طی فصل رشد تا نیمه تابستان از 87 تا 117 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم متغیر بود. بر اساس نتایج، علاوه بر آهن، که در تمام فصول کمتر از حد بهینه برآورد شد، غلظت نیتروژن، پتاسیم و مس در طی فصل رشد به ویژه تابستان کاهش یافت که می‌تواند به دلیل مصرف این عناصر برای رشد زایشی باشد. سه رقم خرما تنوع قابل توجهی در غلظت عناصر پرمصرف و کم مصرف نشان دادند و الگوی متفاوتی در تغییرات فصلی غلظت عناصر بین ارقام ثبت شد، به طوریکه عناصر پتاسیم و کلسیم نسبت به نیتروژن و فسفر تغییرات کمتری را طی فصول نشان دادند. غلظت فسفر،کلسیم، بور و منگنز درحد بهینه، اما نیتروژن، پتاسیم، آهن و مس کمتر از بهینه ارزیابی شدند، بنابراین کاربرد کودهای حاوی عناصر مذکور پیش از شروع بهار و در اواخر زمستان پیشنهاد می-شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Seasonal changes in nutrients of three date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties in Ahvaz weather conditions
نویسندگان [English]
- Fatemeh Foroozesh fard 1
- Shohreh Zivdar 2
- Esmaeil Khaleghi 3
- Edris Shabani 4
1 M.Sc. Graduate of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
4 Assistant Professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
چکیده [English]
Introduction: One of the important aspects of nutrition physiology in fruit trees is the study of seasonal changes in leaf elements, because the seasonal pattern of absorption and distribution of nutrient elements is very important in estimating the fertilizer requirement of fruit orchards. The movement of nutrients in fruit crops has been reported a lot, and the plants' need for a specific element is influenced by a specific growth stage in the plant. Research has shown that nutrient accumulation occurs as a continuous process throughout the growing season. In plants, the change process of elements is different in the seasons. By examining the dynamics of elements during different seasons and having the necessary information about these changes, it is possible to examine the relationship between the demand for nutrients during the periods of vegetative and reproductive growth.In Iran, many research has been done on the nutritional requirements of different commercial fruit cultivars, and many studies have reported the dynamics of nutrients in fruit trees during the growing season, but in the case of dates, despite the relative diversity Regarding the cultivars of this plant and Iran's presence in the international competitive markets, there was no report on measuring the dynamics of nutrient elements during the seasons. In the upcoming research, the seasonal evaluation of the concentration of some macronutrients and micronutrients in the leaves of three date varieties has been done.This study was carried out in order to evaluate the seasonal changes in nutrients in the leaves of three date varieties.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted in the date palm research garden in the northern part of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, in a randomized complete block design with four replications, during 2022 on the leaves of ten years old date palm cultivars (Berhi, Estamaran, and Zahedi). In this experiment, the trend of seasonal changes in macro nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium) and micro nutrients (iron, copper, boron, zinc and manganese) concentration, were investigated throughout the four seasons.After collecting the data, the data was statistically analyzed using SAS 9.1 statistical software, and Duncan's test was used to compare the average data at the level of one and five percent.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the seasons have a significant effect on the concentration of the elements except nitrogen and manganese. Also, the interaction of season and cultivar had a significant effect on the concentration of all nutrients. In terms of macronutrients, Berhi had a better condition, especially during the growing season (spring and summer). The highest difference in terms of element concentration was observed between the winter and growth seasons for date cultivars. The minimum concentration of nitrogen (0.94%) was for Zahedi in spring and winter and the maximum concentration was 2.01% for Barhi (winter). Phosphorus concentration was recorded from the lowest (0.13%) in winter and spring to the highest (0.36%) in summer for Barhi. The range of potassium changes ranged from 1.01% (Estamaran, autumn) to 1.18% (Zahedi, winter). The seasonal changes in calcium concentration was recorded between 0.76 and 0.92%. Also, the range of changes in iron concentration during the year was from 65 to 130 mg/kg and during the growing season to mid-summer from 87 to 117 mg/kg. Bades on the results, leaf iron concentration was estimated to be less than optimal in all seasons. Also the concentration of nitrogen, potassium and copper in leaves decreased during the growth season, especially in summer, and can be due to the consumption of these elements for reproductive growth.
Conclusion: The concentration of minerals in plants depends on the interaction of several factors including soil, plant species, climate, growth stages, plant production and management and the interaction of elements during absorption. The successful growth of plants and trees requires suitable soil and the presence of sufficient amounts of usable elements and the relationship between them, among which nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements are among the main essential elements required by the plant.
The results showed that there is a significant seasonal variation in macronutrients and micronutrients in three date varieties. Also, different seasonal changes patterns were observed among cultivars regarding elements. In such a way, potassium and calcium are more stable than nitrogen and phosphorus during different seasons of the year. Macronutrients (phosphorus and calcium) and micronutrients (zinc, boron and manganese) were at the optimal level. But, the amount of nitrogen, potassium, iron and copper was evaluated as less than the optimal level, which suggests the use of fertilizers containing the mentioned elements at the end of winter..
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Nutrient dynamics
- macronutrients
- micronutrients
2. Baninasab, B, Rahemi, M. and Shariatmadari, H. (2007). Seasonal changes in mineral content of different organs in the alternate bearing of pistachio trees.Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 38: 241-258.m. DOI:10.1080/00103620601094197
3. Baraza, E, Hodar, J.A. and Zamora, R. (2009). Species, site and seasonal variation in leaf-chemistry diversity of woody Mediterranean plants. Review Ecology, 64: 135-144. DOI : https://doi.org/10.3406/revec.2009.1476
4. Bauma, D. )1983). Diagnosis of mineral deficiencies using plant test. Encyclopedia of Plant Physilogy. Springer-Verlag, New York, U.S.A. 120-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68885-0-5. Print ISBN978-3-642-68887-4
5. Bendaly Labaied, M., Khiari, L., Gallichand, J., Kebede, F., Kadri, N., Ben Ammar, N., Ben Hmida, F. and Ben Mimoun, M. (2020). Nutrient diagnosis norms for date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in Tunisian oases. Agronomy, 10(6): 886, DOI:10.3390/agronomy10060886
6. Bijayalaxmi, D.N. and Yadava, P.S. (2006). Seasonal dynamics in soil microbial biomass C, N and P in a mixed forest ecosystem of Manipour, North-east India. Applied Soil Ecology, 31: 220-227. DOI:10.1016/j.apsoil.2005.05.005
7. Bolda, M., Cahn, M.D., Gaskell, M. and Mitcham, E.J. (2012). Fresh market craneberry production manual. UCANR Publications. ISBN:1601076975, 9781601076977
8. Casero, T., Torres, E., Alegre, S. and Recasens, I. (2017). Macronutrient accumulation dynamics in apple fruits. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 40: 2468-2476. DOI:10.1080/01904167.2017.1380819 9. Chapman, H.D. and Pratt, P.F. (1961). Methods of Analysis for Soils, Plants and Waters. Priced Publication4034. Division of Agriculture Sciences. University of California, Berkeley, 5-350. 10. Corelli-Grappadelli, L. and Lakso, A.N.( 2002). Fruit development in deciduous tree crops as affected by physiological factors and environmental conditions (keynote). In XXVI International Horticultural Congress: Key Processes in the Growth and Cropping of Deciduous Fruit and Nut Trees 636 (pp. 425-441). DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.636.52
11. Dialami, H. and Garshasbi, M.R. (2018). Effect of Sulfur and Manure on Yield and Quality of Date Fruit cv. Barhee. Journal of Water and Soil, 32(5): 1003-1012. (In persian) DOI: https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.v32i5.72413
12. Ebn Abbasi, R. and Saedi, K. (2009). Study on the concentration of some low-consumption elements in three important range species at different phenological stages in Saral, Kurdistan. Scientific Research
Journal of Rangeland, 3(6): 69-78. 13. Elmer, P. and Conn, N. (1982). Analytical methods for atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Perkin Elmer, Norwalk, CT.
14. Evans, H.J. and Sorger, G.J. (1966). Role of mineral elements with emphasis on the univalent cations. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 17: 47-76. journals/10.1146/annurev.pp.17.060166.000403
15. Guidong, L., Cuncang, J. and Yunhua, W. (2011). Distribution of boron and its forms in young ‘‘Newhall’’navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osb.) plants grafted on two rootstocks in response to deficient and excessive boron. Soil Science Plant Nutrition, 57: 93-104. DOI: 10.1080/00380768.2010.551299
16. Hartley, S.E. and Jones, C.G. (1997). Plant chemistry and herbivory, or why the world is green. Wiley Online Library. DOI: 10.1002/9781444313642.ch10
17. Hatami, E., Zivdar, S. and Moallemi, N. (2022). Investigation of mineral nutrient changes and their effects on flowering and photosynthetic traits in olive trees under Ahvaz condition. Master's thesis, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz. (In persian)
18. Hatami, E., Zivdar, S. and Moallemi, N. (2023). Mineral nutrient changes and their effects on flowering of olive. 13th Iranian Horticultural Science Congress. Gorgan. Iran. (In persian) 19. Houba, V.J.G., Lee, J., Novozamsky, I. and Walinga, I. (1988). Soil and Plant Analysis, a series of syllabi 2 Plant Analysis, procedures; 3 Soil Analysis, procedures. Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Agric. University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. https://search.worldcat.org/title/Soil-and-plant-analysis-:-a-series-of-syllabi/oclc/69439747
20. Jalili Marandi, R. (2013). Fruit cultivation. Seventh Edition, Jihad University Publishing, Urmia. (In
persian).
21. Katyal, J.C. and Rattan, R.K. (2003). Secondary and micronutrients: Research gaps and future needs. Fertilizer News, 48(4): 9-14.
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&cluster=822186120152354262.
22. Kjeldahl, J.G.C. (1883). A New Method for the Determination of Nitrogen in Organic Matter. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 22: 366-372.
23. Kolsi-Benzina, N. and Zougari, B. (2008). Mineral composition of the palm leaflets of the date palm. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 31: 583-591. DOI:10.1080/01904160801895100
24. Kotur, S.C. and Murthy, S.V.K. (2016). Nutrient dynamics of annual growth-flush in mango (Mangifera indica L.). Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 5(1): 75-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v5i1.507
25. Marschner, H. (2011). Marschner’s mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic press. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-63043-9
26. Marzouk, H. (2011). Soil fertilization study on Zaghloul date palm grown in calcareous soil and irrigated with drainage water. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 10: 728–736. ISSN 1818-6769
27. Matos, G., Fernandes, A., Wadt, P., Franzini, V., Souza, E. and Ramos, H. (2018). Dris calculation methods for evaluating the nutritional status of oil palm in the Eastern Amazon. Journal of Plant Nutrition, DOI:10.1080/01904167.2018.1434199
28. Mengel, K. and Kirkby, E.A. (2001). Principles of plant nutrition. 4th. Edition. International. Potash Institute. Bern, Switzerland. ISBN: 10.1007/978-94-010-1009-2
29. Mirsoleimani, A., Shahsavar, A.R. and Kholdebarin, B. (2014). Seasonal changes of mineral nutrient
concentration of leaves and stems of “Kinnow” mandarin trees in relation to alternate bearing. International Journal of fruit Science, 14: 117-132. DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2013.801678
30. Mohebi, A.H. (2003). Report on the research project for determining the leaf number of date palm for
sampling and nutrient element determination. Date Palm and Tropical Fruit Research Institute. 34p. (In persian)
31. Mohebi, A.H. (2005). Study of nutrient element concentration in date palm leaves (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 6(4): 1-20. (In persian)
32. Mohebi, A.H. (2007). Report on the research project for determining the optimal limit and diagnosing
nutrient deficiency symptoms in tissue-cultured date palm seedlings. Date Palm and Tropical Fruit Research Institute. 42 p. (In persian)
33. Munoz-Fambuena, N., Mesejo, C., Carmen Gonzalez-Mas, M., Primo-Millo, E., Agusti, M. and Iglesias, D.J. (2011). Fruit regulates seasonal expression of flowering genes in alternate-bearing “Moncada” mandarin. Annals of Botany, 108(3): 511-519. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr164 34. Nachtigall, G.R. and Dechen, A.R. (2006). Seasonality of nutrients in leaves and fruits of apple trees. Scientia Agricola, 63: 493-501. DOI: 10.1590/S0103-90162006000500012
35. Pilanali, N. (2005). Investigation of monthly variation in some plant-nutrient contents of guttation fluid
samples taken from Dieffenbachia plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 28: 1375-1382. DOI: 10.1081/PLN-200067464
36. Ranjbari, A.R. (1995). Determination of mineral elements in dominant rangeland plants of four major
regions of Isfahan province. Master's thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran. (In persian)
37. Singh, M.V. (1998). 28th progress report of AICRP on Micro and Secondary Nutrients and Pollutant Elements in Soil and Plants. IISS, Bhopal, Pp. 102.
38. Singh, M.V and Bahera, S.K. (2007). Issues and Strategies deficiencies in developing customized fertilizers for enhancing crop production, In: Proceeding national seminar on customized fertilizer. IISS, Bhopal.
39. Strik, B.C. (2015). Seasonal variation in mineral nutrient content of primocane-fruiting blackberry leaves. HortScience, 50: 540-545. DOI: 10.21273/HORTSCI.50.4.540 40. Tabatabaei, S.J. (2013). Principles of plant mineral nutrition (theoretical and practical concepts). First
Edition, Tabriz University Press. (In persian)
41. Timothy, E.F., Reynolds, J.P., Beasom, S.L. and Demarais, R.P. (1991). Mineral content of guajillo regrowth following roller chapping. Journal of Range Management, 44(5): 520-522. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4002757
42. Ulger, S., Sonmez, S., Karkacier, M., Ertoy, N., Akdesir, O. and Aksu, M. (2004). Determination of endogenous hormones, sugars and mineral nutrition levels during the induction, initiation and differentiation stage and their effects on flower formation in olive. Plant Growth Regulation, 42: 89-95. DOI : 10.1023/B:GROW.0000014897.22172.7d
43. Yruela, I. (2005). Copper in plants. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 17: 145-156. DOI: 10.1590/S1677-04202005000100012
44. Zubair Alam, M., Al-Hamimi, S., Ayyash, M., Tameillo Rosa, C., Yahia, E.M., Haris, S., Al-Marzouqi, A.H. and Kamal-eldin, A. (2023). Contrtibuting factors to quality of date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit. Scientia Horticulturae, 321:112256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112256
)