نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• روح اله یوسفی ¹
• علیرضا علامه ²

¹ استادیار پژوهشی، موسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، رشت، ایران.

² مربی پژوهشی، موسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، رشت، ایران.

چکیده

از شاخص‌های مکانیزاسیون برنج، می‌توان در برآورد صحیح تعداد ماشین‌ و انجام به موقع عملیات کشاورزی استفاده کرد. در این مطالعه، با جمع‌آوری اطلاعات و داده‌ها از طریق تکمیل پرسشنامه و با مراجعه به منابع آماری موجود، شاخص‌های تعیین کننده وضعیت مکانیزاسیون، روزهای کاری و بازده مزرعه‌ای محاسبه شدند. تعداد ماشین‌های کشاورزی جهت انجام به موقع عملیات مکانیزه در بازه زمانی مورد نیاز برای مراحل مختلف تولید برنج با استفاده از روش فرصت زمانی برآورد گردید. نتایج نشان داد، در نواحی مرکزی و جنوبی به ترتیب، درجه مکانیزاسیون 1/65 و 9/78 درصد، سطح مکانیزاسیون 71/2 و 12/9 اسب‌بخار بر هکتار، متوسط ظرفیت مکانیزاسیون 74/415 و 10/782 اسب‌بخار-ساعت بر هکتار بود. همچنین بطور متوسط در نواحی مرکزی و جنوبی به‌ترتیب به ازای هر 35 و 5 هکتار یک تراکتور، 5 و 11 هکتار یک تیلر، 46 و 31 هکتار یک نشاکار و هر 88 و 56 هکتار یک کمباین برداشت برنج موجود است. با توجه به نتایج، تعداد ماشین‌های موجود نواحی مرکزی در خاک‌ورزی 1/77 و داشت 55 درصد بیشتر و در نشاکاری 6/35 و برداشت 2/41 درصد کمتر و نواحی جنوبی در خاک‌ورزی 7/79 و برداشت 8/25 درصد بیشتر و در نشاکاری 4/56 و داشت 3/2 درصد کمتر از تعداد برآورد شده است. مقایسة شرایط کنونی این نواحی با برآورد انجام شده، بیانگر ضعف در برنامه‌ریزی جامع برای تأمین و توزیع ماشین‌های کشاورزی بر اساس نیازهای واقعی، شرایط اقتصادی و اقلیمی بهره‌برداران و سطوح زیر کشت بوده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• بازده مزرعه‌ای
• برنج
• تعداد ماشین
• روزهای کاری
• شاخص مکانیزاسیون
• فرصت زمان

موضوعات

• مکانیزاسیون کشاورزی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Estimating the number of agricultural machines required for rice production based on mechanization indexes in the central and southern regions of Guilan province

نویسندگان [English]

• Roohollah Yousefi ¹
• Alireza Allameh ²

¹ Assistant Professor, Rice Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran.

² Rice Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Rasht, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction Mechanization is one of the main factors in the development of agriculture. Agricultural mechanization, as a basic approach in the production of agricultural products, provides goals such as timely performance of agricultural operations, reduction of production costs, reduction of labor intensity, quantitative and qualitative improvement of production and, in principle, the possibility of Economic production. There are inequalities in the development of agricultural mechanization, which is partly affected by natural factors, but human factors also play a significant role in its occurrence. Planning for the development of mechanization is one of the most important components in the development plan of the agricultural sector. The requirement for correct planning regarding agricultural mechanization depends on recognition of the existing situation. Knowing and evaluating the development indices of rice mechanization is necessary for the correct selection and optimal use of rice machines and timely and quality agricultural operations to be used as basic information in the calculation of rice mechanization projects and economic analyses. In this research, the indices of rice mechanization in the central and southern regions of Gilan province were studied with the aim of estimating the number of machines needed in rice cultivation.
Methodology Gilan province is one of the northern provinces of Iran, with an area of 14711 square kilometers which stands the second ranking (31% of total) in terms of area harvested. A study was conducted during the years 2020 and 2021 for determination of indices that govern the mechanization development in the central and southern regions of Gilan province. The studied areas were as rasht and khomam (in the central areas of Gilan province) with an area under rice cultivation of 62430 hectares and roudbar (in the southern areas of Gilan province) with an area under rice cultivation of 3375 hectares. The field method or field study was employed in terms of broad-based (holistic) and deep-based (depth-based) methods and its subset based on questionnaire for data collection in this research. Due to the lack of access to all villages of each city, one village was randomly selected and after checking their conditions, the relative homogeneity of the area was determined and the obtained information was generalized to other places. Collecting of data was done by completing the questionnaires through available statistical sources, field surveys and interviews with farmers. Data were collected from reliable authorities such as the Gilan agricultural jihad organization, agricultural jihad management of the cities, agricultural jihad centers, and the statistics of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad. From the obtained data, the indices determining the state of mechanization, working days and farm productivity were calculated.
Results and Discussion The results revealed that in the central and southern regions of Gilan, the degree of mechanization was 65.1 and 78.9 percent, the level of mechanization was 2.71 and 9.12, horsepower per hectare and the average capacity of mechanization was 415.74 and 782.10 horsepower in hour per hectare, respectively. On average, in the central and southern regions, there was one tractor for every 35 and 5 hectares, a tiller for every 5 and 11 hectares, a transplanter for every 46 and 31 hectares, and a combine harvester for every 88 and 56 hectares, respectively. According to the results, the number of machines in the tilling and spraying stages is more than the estimated number of machines in the studied areas. The number of available machines in the central areas was 77.1 and 55% more in tillage and 35.6 and 41.2 percent less in planting and 25.8 percent more in the southern areas in tillage and 79.7 percent and in 56.4 plantings and 2.3 percent less than the estimated number.
Conclusion The degree of mechanization for tillage and transplanting operations in the central and southern regions of Gilan province demonstrated a good circumstance based on the sixth state plan of development. According to the expectations, by the end of the sixth development plan, the degree of mechanization in plant protection and harvesting operations, there is a need to reinforce and import more machines. The level of rice mechanization was higher in the south region than the central. From the above-mentioned reasons, the level of mechanization of rice in the southern region can be attributed to the multiple usage of the driving machines for paddy fields and other crops, the low area under rice cultivation and the large number of tillers and tractors, the lack of companies providing mechanized services, and little time available to farmers to carry out land preparation, transplanting, protection, and harvesting in these regions. The findings also showed that tractors and tillers, which were the most important sources of power supply, were not evenly distributed across the central and southern regions. In some cases, tractors and tillers were used in irrelevant tasks such as transportation and handling. According to the results, in the stages of tillage and spraying, the number of available machines is more than the estimated ones in the studied regions. According to the results, the number of machines available in the central areas in Tillage (Primary tillage, Secondary tillage, Puddling, Leveling) is 77.1% and Plant Protection (spraying and weeding) 55% more and in planting 35.6 and harvesting (Rice reaper, rice combine harvester, baler) 41.2 percent less than the estimated number. The number of machines available in the southern regions in tillage is 79.7% and harvesting 25.8% percent more and in planting 56.4 and Plant Protection 2.3% percent less than the estimated number. The comparison of the current conditions of these areas with the estimate shows that there is no proper planning in the supply and distribution of agricultural machines according to the cultivated areas. This shows the necessity of planning to establish more balance to create appropriate and homogeneous conditions for the distribution of agricultural machines in the studied regions. Keywords: Field Efficiency, Mechanization Index, Number of Machines, Rice, time opportunity, Working days.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Field Efficiency
• Mechanization Index
• Number of Machines
• Rice
• time opportunity
• Working days