نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• پرستو اصلانی ¹
• مسعود داوری ²
• محمدعلی محمودی ²
• فرزاد حسین پناهی ³
• ناصر خالق پناه ²

¹ دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد مدیریت منابع خاک، گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه کردستان، ایران

² هیت علمی، گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه کردستان، ایران

³ هیت علمی، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشگاه کردستان، ایران

چکیده

این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثر زئولیت کلینوپتیلولایت بر برخی شاخص‌های کیفیت خاک و همچنین شاخص‌های رشد و عملکرد گندم انجام شد. بدین منظور، آزمایشی مزرعه‌ای در قالب طرح کرت‌های خرد شده بر پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه کردستان انجام شد. تیمارهای مورد‌مطالعه در این پژوهش شامل زئولیت طبیعی در چهار سطح صفر، 5، 10 و 15 تن در هکتار و مقادیر نیتروژن در پنج سطح صفر، 50، 100، 150 و 200 کیلوگرم در هکتار بودند. شایان ذکر است که زئولیت مورد‌استفاده در سال 1397 با لایه سطحی خاک مخلوط و این آزمایش در سال 1398 بدون اضافه شدن زئولیت تکرار شد. مزرعه در سال اول تحت کشت سیب‌زمینی و در سال دوم تحت کشت گندم قرار گرفت. نتایج حاصل از سال دوم نشان داد که تأثیر کاربرد زئولیت، نیتروژن و اثر مثقابل آن‌ها برρb و ρp کاهشی و بر f، Ks، CEC، EC و pH خاک افزایشی بودند. نتایج همچنین نشان داد که مقدار پروتئین دانه، وزن هزار دانه، تعداد سنبله، تعداد دانه در سنبله، عملکرد اقتصادی، عملکرد بیولوژیک و شاخص برداشت تحت‌تأثیر کاربرد زئولیت، نیتروژن و اثر مثقابل آن‌ها قرار گرفتند، و‌لیکن تأثیر آن‌ها بر غلظت کلروفیل معنی‌دار نبود. صفات زراعی بهبود یافته و افزایش تولید دانه به‌دلیل استفاده از زئولیت را می‌توان به بهبود شاخص‌های کیفیت خاک و همچنین افزایش جذب نیتروژن ارتباط داد. در مجموع نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد همزمان زئولیت و نیتروژن در خاک می‌تواند یک رویکرد سودمند برای افزایش کارایی کودهای نیتروژنه و همچنین بهبود پایداری در سیستم‌های کشاورزی باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• اصلاح کننده خاک
• کلینوپتیلولایت
• عملکرد دانه
• نیتروژن

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of zeolite and nitrogen on some basic soil properties and wheat yield in potato-wheat rotation

نویسندگان [English]

• Parstoo Aslani ¹
• Masoud Davari ²
• Mohammad Ali Mahmoodi ²
• Farzad Hosseinpanahi ³
• Naser Khaleghpanah ²

¹ MSc Graduate, Departmentd of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Iran

² Assistant Professor, Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Iran

³ Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Soil quality is one aspect of sustainable agroecosystem management. The application of zeolite minerals alone or in combination with other soil amendments (organic and inorganic fertilizers) can, directly or indirectly, affect soil quality indicators. Considering the unique characteristics of zeolites, such as the low-cost and abundance of its mines in Iran and the large area of wheat cultivation in Kurdistan province, the need to study the effect of zeolite application on soil properties and wheat yield becomes apparent. Although there is a lot of research on the impact of zeolite on improving soil properties and increasing the yield of various crops, few studies have been done on its residual effects. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of zeolite and nitrogen (N) application on some basic soil properties, N efficiency, and wheat yield under field conditions after two years of zeolite application.
Materials and Methods
Before conducting the research, a composite soil sample from the soil surface (0 to 30 cm depth) was collected and analyzed to assess the farm's soil properties. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the University of Kurdistan research farm in Dehgolan. The main plots consisted of natural zeolite at four levels (0, 5, 10, and 15 ton. ha-1). Within each main plot, subplots were subjected to nitrogen applications at five levels (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg. ha-1). Urea fertilizer was used to supply the required nitrogen. Zeolite was only utilized in 2018 and mixed into the surface layer of soil. The experiment was repeated in 2019 except for no addition of zeolite. The field was under potato cultivation in the first year of the experiment and followed by wheat crop in the second year. Wheat cultivation (Pishgam cultivar) was done in 2019 by grain seeders in plots with dimensions of 4.5 × 8.25 m. At the end of cultivation season, harvest was done from each plot, and some plant traits (grain protein, thousand-grain weight, spike number, grain number in spike, an economic yield of the plant, biological yield of plant, harvest index, and chlorophyll concentration) were measured. In order to investigate the effect of zeolite on basic soil properties, soil samples were collected from plots in the second year after harvest, and a number of physical and chemical properties of the soil were measured (dry bulk density (ρb), particle density (ρp), total porosity (f), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), electrical conductivity (EC), soil reaction (pH), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and total soil nitrogen (TN)). Statistical analysis of data was performed using SAS 8.02 software.
Results and Discussion
The results from the second year indicated that the applications of zeolite or nitrogen alone or in combination with each other decreased dry bulk density and particle density of soil, but increased total porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, electrical conductivity, soil reaction, and cation exchange capacity. The porous structure of zeolite helps improve soil structure and increase porosity, thereby reducing the bulk density of the soil. Also, zeolites can affect the soil hydraulic conductivity due to channels in their structure. Zeolite is not acidic but marginally alkaline, and its use with fertilizers can help buffer soil pH levels. The very open structure of the zeolite and the similar pore network create a high specific surface area for the storage and exchange of nutrients. Therefore, different salts can be absorbed or desorbed from the zeolite structure. Desorption of salts from the zeolite can increase EC in the soil. The high cation exchange capacity and porosity of zeolite increase soil CEC, which increases the soil's ability to retain nutrients such as ammonium. The results also revealed that the grain protein, thousand-grain weight, spike number, grain number in spike, an economic yield of the plant, biological yield of plant and harvest index, with mean increasing about 37%, 6%, 30%, 15%, 43%, 26% and 7%, respectively, compared with the control, were significantly affected by zeolite and nitrogen applications, and also zeolite and nitrogen interaction. However, the chlorophyll concentration was not meaningfully influenced by them. Increased grain yield can be attributed to reduced nitrogen leaching and increased soil water holding capacity in the presence of zeolite, which improves nitrogen status and the availability of water for growth. Drought stress significantly affects grain yield, harvest index, thousand-grain weight, spike number, grain number in spike, and plant height. The use of zeolite can maintain soil moisture for a longer period and mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress on the crops.
Conclusion
The improved agronomic traits and enhanced grain yield potentials induced by zeolite amendment were related to decreased drought stress in wheat crops and the increase in soil quality indicators and N uptake. The zeolite application probably enhanced NH4+–N retention in the topsoil and prevented NO3-–N from leaching into the subsoil. In general, the results showed that the combined application of zeolite and N can be a beneficial approach for increasing nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and improving the sustainability of agricultural systems.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Clinoptilolite
• Grain yield
• Nitrogen
• Soil amendment