Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Assistant professor, Plant Production Engineering and Genetics Department. Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction Herbicides are chemicals that are used to inhibit the growth or to eliminate weeds in agricultural fields to increase the yield of crops in crop production. By the end of the 19th century, with the increasing labor supply problems, the need for chemical methods to control weeds became apparent. It was first reported in France in the 1980s, that sulfuric acid was used in the fight against weeds in sugar beet fields. Nowadays, most of the herbicides used are organic herbicides, which share organic carbon in their chemical structure.
The use of herbicides since about a century ago has been suggested as an effective way of eliminating crop competitors, though herbicides that remain in the soil for longer periods of time prolong weed control and thus increase weed management efficiency. On the other hand, their increased stability in soil may be of a magnitude that can damage crops in the following crop rotations. Soil properties can have a significant impact on the stability of herbicides in soil.
Materials and Methods For this purpose, soil samples were taken from 0-30 cm depth from field of experiment No. 2 in College of Agriculture Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. After sampling and passing through 2 mm sieve, the physical and chemical properties were measured using standard methods. The pot experiment was conducted in a factorial completely randomized design with 32 treatments including soil salinity (at 2.5 and 6 dS / m), Ultimo herbicide rate (at 4 concentration levels of 0, 25, 50 and 100% Recommended dose) and planting time (60 and 120 days after herbicide application) with 3 replication. Wheat was selected as the experimental crop and variety was "Mehregan" which has been cultivated in most of Khozestan province. Herbicide was applied and soil was rested for 60 and 120 days then wheat was sown. For germination percentage, wheat seeds were sown directly in soil after germination test. After germination the percentages were recorded and kept in an equal number of plants in the pot. It should be noted that in order to eliminate the effect of nutrient deficiency on plant growth at appropriate intervals, nutrient solution was applied and irrigated according to the need of the plant.After 9 weeks (before flowering stage) the plant was harvested and the growth components including root length, root dry weight, shoot length, shoot weight and nutrient concentration including nitrogen (in plant dry matter), phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper and manganese were measured in the extract obtained from dry digestion of plant tissue (aerial parts of plant). Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software and mean comparisons were performed by Duncan's multiple range test. Charts were drawn using Excel software.
Results and Discussion According to the results, increasing the level of herbicide decreased the growth parameters of the plant, which is intensive under salinity stress. The results showed that considering 60 days sowing after herbicide application, shoot dry weight in 100% RD herbicide application in salinity of 2.5 dS/m was 1.6 g which was not showed significant difference with 50% herbicide application under salinity of 6 dS/m. Therefore, in higher salinity levels lower herbicide dose can damage the plant as much as higher levels of herbicides in lower salinity, and lower levels of herbicides in more soil salinity produce more negative effects. By increasing planting time from 60 to 120 days the residual effects of herbicides on soil decreased and plant showed better yield. By increasing salinity level from 2.5 to 6 dS / m, all growth components of wheat decreased, except for shoot length and shoot dry weight, this significant decrease was not reported for other components.
Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that selection of sowing time after herbicide application in crop rotations is very important and by selecting the correct time can greatly reduce the deleterious effects of consuming more herbicides.Planting wheat at 60 days after application of herbicide compared to 120 days after application of herbicide, decreased the growth components of the plant. Therefore, selection of wheat sowing time in crop rotation 60 days after application of herbicide (especially at 100% recommended dose) is not recommended in maize – wheat cropping system. Also considering soil chemical properties such as salinity as an influencing factor on herbicide behavior in soil can be effective in controlling residual effects of herbicides in soil and plant.

Keywords

  1. Allbed, A. and Kumar, L. 2013. Soil salinity mapping and monitoring in arid and semi-arid regions using remote sensing technology: a review. Advances in Remote Sensing, 02(4):373-385.
  2. Baghestani, M.A., Zand, E., Soufizadeh, S., Eskandari, A., Pourazar. R., Veysi, M., and Nassirzadeh, N. 2007. Efficacy evaluation of some dual purpose herbicides to control weeds in maize (Zea mays L.).Crop Protection, 26 (7): 936-942.
  3. Bo, L., Zhao, Y.K., Peng, L., Li, S.P., and Xing, H. 2010. Biotransformation of the diphenyl ether herbicide lactofen and purification of a lactofen esterase from Brevundimonas sp. LY-2. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(17): 9711-9715.
  4. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). 2007. Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance nicosulfuron. EFSA Scientific Report. 120: 1-91. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/ sites/default/files.html. Accessed: Novamber 29.
  5. EPA Pesticide Fact Sheet. 1989. Tribenuron Methyl, Chemical Profile 6/89. http://pmep. cce.cornell.edu/profiles/ herb-growthreg/ sethoxydim-vernolate/tribenuron.methyl .htm. Accessed August 11, 2016.
  6. Ferris, I.G. 1993. A risk assessment of sulfonylurea herbicides leaching to ground water. AGSO journal of Australian geology & geophysics, 14 (2/3): 297- 302.
  7. Helling, C.S. 2005. The science of soil residual herbicides. Pages 3-22 in R.C. Van Acker, ed. Soil Residual Herbicides: Science and Management. Topics in Canadian Weed Science, Volume 3. Sainte-Anne-de Bellevue, Québec: Canadian Weed Science Society – Société Canadian de malherbologie.
  8. Izadi-Darbandi, E. and Aliverdi, A. 2015. Optimizing sulfosulfuron and sulfosulfuron plus metsulfuronmethyl activity when tank-Mixed with vegetable oil to control wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum Koch.). Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,17: 1769-1780.
  9. Jianguo, L.I., Lijie, P.U., Han, M., Zhu, M., Zhang, R., and Xiang, Y. 2014. Soil salinization research in China: advances and prospects. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 24(5): 943-960.
  10. Jing, X., Yang, J., and Wang, T. 2018. Effects of Salinity on Herbicide Lactofen Residues in Soil. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 3: 211-229.
  11. Krieger, M.S., Pillar, F., and Ostrander, J.A. 2000. Effect of temperature and moisture on the degradation and sorption of florasulam and 5-hydroxyflorasulam in soil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48: 4757-4766.
  12. Lagaly, G. 2001. Pesticide-clay interactions and formulations. Applied Clay Science. 18: 205-209.
  13. Mamnoie, E., Izadi-Darbandi, E., Rastgoo, M., Baghestani, M.A., and Mohammd Hasanzade, M. 2017. Evaluating the Effects of soil Residue of Nicosulfuron Herbicide on Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Barley (Hordeum vulgare) and Rapeseed (Brassica napus). Iranian Journal of Weed Scince, 12: 79-96.
  14. Massiha, A. and Issazadeh, K. 2011. Microbial degradation of pesticides in surface soil using native strain in Iran. An International Conference on Biotechnology and Environment Management. Singapore, Aguste 7-12.
  15. Minton, B.W., Matocha, M.A., and Senseman, S.A. 2008. Rotational crops response to soil applied trifloxysulfuron. Weed Technology, 22: 425- 430.
  16. Mosavi, K., Zand, E., and Saremi, H. 2005. Physiologic Application of Hrbicides. Zanjan university publication.
  17. Moyer, J.R. and Hamman, W.M. 2001. Factors affecting the toxicity of MON 37500 residues to following crops. Weed Technolgy, 15: 42-47.
  18. O’Barr, J.H. 2015. Soybean POST herbicides and iron chlorosis. North Dakota State University: Fargo, ND, Ph.D. Thesis.
  19. Olivera, R.S., Koskinen, W.C., and Ferrira, F.A. 2001. Sorption and leaching potential of herbicides on Brazilian soils. Weed Research, 41: 47-110.
  20. Ozturk, L., Yazici, A., Elcer, S., Gokmen, O., and Roemheld, V. 2008. Giyphosate inhibition of ferric reductase activity in iron deficient sunflower root. New phytol. 177: 899-906.
  21. Rath, K.M., Maheshwari, A., and Rousk, J. 2017. The impact of salinity on the microbial response to drying and rewetting in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 108: 17-26.
  22. Rice, C.P., Nochetto, C.B., and Zara, P. 2002. Volatilization of trifluralin, atrazine, metolachlor, chlorpyrifos, Endosulfan from freshly tilled soil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50:4009-4017.
  23. Robinson, D.E., Soltani, N., and Sikkema, P.H. 2006. Response of four market classes of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to foramsulfuron, isoxaflutole and isoxaflutole plus atrazine applied in previous years. Weed Technology. 20: 558- 563.
  24. Sebiomo, A., Ogunder, V.W., and Bankole, S.A. 2012. The Impact of Four Herbicides on Soil Minerals Research. Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 4(6): 617-624.
  25. Silva, C.M.M.d.S. and Fay, E.F. (2012). Effect of salinity on soil microorganisms: InTech.
  26. Simmons, B. 2006. Soil properties and herbicide behavior. Proceeding of the 2006 Indian CCA conference, Indianapolis, IW.
  27. Ye, Q.F., Sun, J.H., and Wu, J.M. 2003. Cause of phytotoxicity of metsulfuron-methyl bound residues in soil. Environmental Pollution, 126: 417-423.
  28. Su, Y.H. and Zhu, Y.G. 2005. Influence of lead on atrazine uptake by Rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings from nutrient solution. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 12(1): 21-27.
  29. Yun, E.Y., Ro, H.M., Lee, G.T., and Choi, W.J. 2010. Salinity effects on chlorpyrifos degradation and phosphorus fractionation in reclaimed coastal tideland soils. Geosciences Journal, 14(4): 371-378.
  30. Zizek, S., Dobeic, M., Pintaric, S., Zidar, P., Kobal, S., and Vidrih, M. 2015. Degradation and dissipation of the veterinary ionophore lasalocid in manure and soil. Chemosphere, 138: 947-951.