نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 فارغ التحصیل کارشناسی ارشد گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

10.22055/agen.2020.31311.1513

چکیده

افزودن لجن فاضلاب به خاک سبب افزایش ماده آلی خاک می­شود، که ضمن بهبود ویژگی­های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک می­تواند در تأمین بخشی از عناصر غذایی مورد نیاز گیاه موثر باشد. هدف از این پژوهش، تعیین توزیع شکل­های مختلف آهن و ارزیابی زیست فراهمی آن برای اسفناج در یک خاک آهکی تیمار شده با لجن فاضلاب با استفاده از روش عصاره­گیری دنباله­ای بود. بدین منظور، آزمایشی به صورت گلدانی با شش سطح لجن (صفر، 5/22، 45، 90، 180 و 360 تن در هکتار) بر پایه طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 4 تکرار به صورت 24 گلدان 7 کیلوگرمی به مدت 90 روز با کشت گیاه اسفناج (Spinacia oleracea) در گلخانه مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان اجرا گردید. نتایج نشان داد بیشترین مقدار وزن خشک با میانگین 89/5 گرم در گلدان و جذب آهن با میانگین 46/767 میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم ماده خشک در تیمار 90  تن لجن در هکتار بدست آمد. هرچند کاربرد لجن در سطوح بالا نظیر 180 و 360 تن در هکتار، کاهشی معادل 28/4 و 125 درصد در میزان جذب آهن نسبت به تیمار 90 تن در هکتار داشت. ترتیب شکل­های شیمیایی آهن در خاک شاهد و خاک تیمار شده با لجن فاضلاب به صورت آهن تبادلی< آهن کربناتی< آهن آلی< متصل­به اکسیدهای آهن و منگنز< آهن باقی­مانده بود. نتایج همچنین نشان داد مقدار آهن قابل عصاره­گیری با DTPA با کاربرد لجن فاضلاب افزایش یافت. از بین شکل­های آهن، آهن قابل استفاده با DTPA ، آهن تبادلی و آهن متصل به بخش آلی با غلظت آهن در گیاه اسفناج همبستگی مثبت و معنی­داری داشتند که نشان می­دهد این شکل­های آهن در تغذیه اسفناج نقش به سزایی دارند. به طور کلی می­توان نتیجه گرفت که کاربرد لجن فاضلاب در مقادیر بالا 180 و 360 تن در هکتار با تأثیر بر برهم خوردن تعادل C/N و افزایش شوری خاک باعث کاهش وزن خشک و قابلیت جذب آهن در گیاه اسفناج شد. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Response of Spinach plant (spinacia oleracea) to Iron Chemical Forms in Calcareous Soil Treated with Sewage Sludge

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyed Ameneh Ghoreishi Amiri 1
  • Mojtaba Barani motlagh 2
  • Esmaeil Dordipour 2

1 Master Student, Department of Soil Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Focusing on population and industrial centers in the different areas has caused the formation of a huge volume of sewage which their treatment (refining) has led to produces a larger volume of sludge so that without any attention to find out the best disposal way, has created various environmental difficulties. One of the economic and efficient ways to use sewage sludge is utilizing them in agriculture. Sewage sludge, due to its large amount of nutrients and organic matters and being less expensive, nowadays it is widely used as a fertilizer and/or amendment of soil physical and chemical properties. In the present study, the effect of different levels of industrial sewage sludge application on the bioavailability and distribution of various forms of iron in spinach plant, Shahr Reza cultivar was evaluated.
Materials and Methods: Soil was collected from 0-30 cm depth around Aq Qala industrial town. After air drying, the soil was passed a 2 mm sieve and its physical and chemical properties measured. For this purpose, a completely randomized design with different levels of industrial wastewater sludge (0, 22.5, 45, 90, 180 and 360 ton/ha) was conducted in the form of a pot experiment with 4 replicates in greenhouse of research center of Gorgan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research. The experimental units were pots of 7 kg soil. Then, 20 seeds per pot were planted at 2 cm depth of soil and after two weeks of emergence, the number of shrubs was reduced to 5 plants per pot. Irrigation and weeding were done manually. After the end of the growth period (90 days), the plant samples were digested by dry-digesting method. The concentration of iron in the samples was determined by atomic absorption device (AAS-Unicam-919). Immediately after harvesting, the soil of pots was air-dried and passed through a 2 mm sieve. Then the amount of soil extractable iron by DTPA was read by the atomic absorption device. In addition, Tessier et al. (1979) method was used to investigate the distribution of different forms of iron after sludge application. Statistical analysis of the test data was performed using SAS software and LSD test (5%) was used to compare the means. Also, Graphs were plotted using Excel software.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that concentration of iron in the soil and aerial parts of spinach was significantly affected by the sewage sludge application. The highest dry weight of the spinach aerial part with an average of 5.89 g/plant was related to 90 tons/ha sludge treatment and the lowest with an average of 1.07 g/plant was related to the control treatment. Although the application of sludge at high levels such as 180 and 360 t. ha-1 led to a reduction spinach yield, this seems to be due to sludge effects such as the presence of heavy metals, disturbance of soil C/N equilibrium, and especially increase soil salinity. The concentration of iron in spinach aerial parts increased linearly in 22.5, 45, 90, 180, 360 ton/ha sludge treatments, which had an increase of 3.19, 5.16, 12.04, 26.06 and 52.76 percent compared to the control treatment, respectively, while the highest amount of iron uptake with an average of 767.47 mg/kg dry matter obtained in 90 ton/ha sludge treatment and the lowest amount with an average of 124.43 mg/kg dry matter was related to control treatment. The average of iron uptake in the aerial parts of spinach in 180 and 360 t/ha sludge treatments, respectively, was 735.93 and 341.08 mg/kg dry matter, which was 4.28% and 125% lower than 90 t/ha treatment, respectively. The results also showed that application of 360 t/ha sewage sludge increased 73.48% DTPA extractable iron compared to the control treatment. The results of iron fractionation showed that the amounts of all iron components in the soil (except iron and manganese oxides) increased by application of sewage sludge. In the control soil, different iron components were as follows: exchangeable> carbonate> organic> iron and manganese oxides> residual. By applying treatments, the order did not change except that after application of treatments, in all components of iron (except iron and manganese oxides) showed an increase in the amount of each component compared to the control treatment. The correlation between the chemical forms of iron with DTPA-extractable iron and iron concentration of spinach showed that between iron concentration in spinach and extractable iron with DTPA (r= 0.93), exchangeable iron (r= 0.95) and iron bound to the organic fraction (r= 0.98) had a significant and positive correlation at the 1% level and with iron bond to iron and manganese oxides (r= 0.98) had a significant and negative correlation at 1% level which may indicate the role of these forms of iron (DTPA-extractable iron, exchangeable iron and organic-bound iron) in the nutrition of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Increased Fe concentration in plant organs by sewage sludge application may be due to increased concentration of elements in soil and consequently higher uptake of this element by plant.
Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that the application of sewage sludge in high amounts of 180 and 360 ton/ha with the effect on physical and chemical properties of soils such as disturbance of nutrient balance and increasing soil salinity causes a decrease in plant dry weight and the ability of iron uptake in the spinach plant. However, sewage sludge application provides nutrients for plant growth and reduces the economic cost of disposal. However, it is recommended to determine the threshold of toxicity and salinity before application of sewage sludge depending on soil, plant and environmental conditions. More extensive research is also needed to standardize the method and relative amounts of use of this organic amendment.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Chemical forms of iron
  • Spinach
  • Sequential extraction
  • Sewage sludge
  1. References

    1. Abdelgadir, E. M., Oka, M., and Fujiyama, H. 2005. Characteristics of nitrate uptake by plants under salinity. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 28: 33-46.
    2. Afyuni, M., Rezainejad, Y., and Khayambashi, B. 1988. Effect of Sewage Sludge on Yield and Heavy Metal Uptake of Lettuce and Spinach. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 2: (1). 19-30. (in Persian with English abstract).
    3. Ahmad, K., Khan, Z. I., ashfaq, A., ashraf, M., and yasmin, S. 2014. Assessment of heavy metal and metalloid levels in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Frown in wastewater irrigated agricultural soil of Sargodha, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 46(5), 1805-1810.
    4. Alvarez, J.M., Lopez-Valdivia, L.M., Novillo, J., Obrador, A., and Rico, M.I. 2006.Comparison of EDTA and sequential extraction tests for phyto availability prediction of manganese and zinc in agricultural alkaline soils. Geoderma, 132: 450- 463.
    5. Antolin, M.C., Muro, I., and Sanchez-Diaz, M. 2010. Application of sewage sludge improves growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant activities of nodulated alfalfa plants under drought conditions. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 68: 75-82.
    6. Arvas, S., Keskin, B., and Hakkı Yilmaz, I. 2013. Effect of sewage sludge on metal content of grassland soil and herbage in semiarid lands. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 37: 179-187.
    7. Asgari Lajayer, B., Ghorbanpour, M., and Nikabadi, S. 2017. Heavy metals in contaminated environment: Destiny of secondary metabolite biosynthesis, oxidative status and phytoextraction in medicinal plants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 145: 377-390. (in Persian with English abstract).
    8. Asgari Lajayer., B. , N. , Moghiseh., E.  Mosaferi.,M and  Hadian., J. 2019. Effects of Gamma Irradiated and Non-Irradiated Sewage Sludge on Uptake of Micronutrients and Heavy Metals in Basil. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Prpduction, 29 (2):233-253. (in Persian with English abstract).
    9. Baveye, P., Mc Bride, M. B. Bouldin, D. Hinesly, T. D. Dahahoh M. S. A. and Abdel-sabour, M. F. Mass balance and distribution of sludge-borne trace elements in a silt loam soil following long-term applications of sewage sludge. Science of the Total Environment, 227: 13- 28.
    10. Behbahaninia, A., S. A. Mirbagheri., N. Khorasani., J. Nouri., and A. H. Javid. 2009. Heavy metal contamination of municipal effluent in soil and plants. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 7:(3,4): 851-856.
    11. Benton, J., and Case, V.W. 1990. Sampling handing and analyzing plant tissue samples. In: Westerman, R.L. (ed.). Soil testing and plant analysis. 3rded. Book series No.3. Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Madison, Wl., USA.389-428.
    12. Bolan, N.S. and Duraisamy, V.P. 2003. Role of inorganic and organic soil amendments on immobilisation and phytoavailability of heavy metals: A review involving specific case studies. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 41(5): 33-55.
    13. Boostani, H.R. and Ronaghi, A. 2011. Comparison of sewage sludge and chemical fertilizer application on yield and concentration of some nutrients in spinach (Spinosa olerace L.) in three textural classes of a calcareous soil. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture, 2(6): 65-73. (In Persian).
    14. Boostani, H.R. and Ronaghi, A. 2012. Bioavailability of nutrients in three textural classes of a calcareous soil affected by addition of sewage sludge and fertilizer after harvesting Journal of Waterand SoilScience, 26 (2): 272-281. (In Persian).
    15. Boostani, H.R., Najafi Ghiri, M., Amin, H., and Mirsoleimani, A. 2017. Investigation of Iron Chemical Fractions in Some Calcareous Soils of Orange (Citrus sinensis L.) Orchards in Darab Region, Southeast of Fars Province. Applied Soil Research, 6 (3): 92-105. (in Persian with English abstract).
    16. Bose, S., Jain, A., Rai, V., and Ramanathan, A.L. 2008. Chemical fractionation and translocation of heavy metals in Canna indica L. grown on industrial waste amended soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 160(1):187-193.
    17. Bozkurt, M.A. and Yarilgac, T. 2003. The effects of sewage sludge applications on the yield, growth, nutrition and heavy metal accumulation in apple trees growing in dry condition. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 27:285-292.
    18. Casado-vela, J., Selles, S., Dias-Crespo, C., Navarro-Pedreno, J., Mataix-Beneyto, J., and Grmez, I. 2007. Effect of composted sewage sludge application to soil on sweet pepper crop (capsicum annuum var. annuum) grown under two explotation regimes. Waste Management. 27: 1509-1518.
    19. Chapman, H.D. 1965. Cation exchange capacity. In Black C.A. etal.(eds.). Methods of soil analysis. USA. Madison, Wl. Pp: 891-901.
    20. Chi, C.M. and Wang, Z.C. 2010. Characterizing salt-affected soils of Songnen Plain using saturated paste and 1: 5 soil-to-water extraction methods. Arid Land Research and Management, 24(1): 1-11.
    21. Costica, A., Gerard, J., Daniel, B., and Despina. A. 2007. Influence of sewage sludge on maize yield and quality and soil chemical characteristics. Journal of FoodAgricultureand Environment, 5: 310-313.
    22. Day, P.R. 1955. Particle fractionation and particle-size analysis. In: Black, C.A. (ed), Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. Agronomy 9, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Madison, Wl. Pp: 545-567.
    23. Doddaiah, S., Shivanna, S., Swamy, S., and Budiguppe M, K. 2012. Speciation and Geochemical Behaviour of Heavy Metals in Industrial Area Soil of Mysore City, India. Journal of Environmental Protection, 3(10):1384-1392.
    24. Eid, E.M., El-Bebany, A.F., Alrumman, S.A., Hesham, A.E.L., Taher, M.A., and Fawy, K.F. 2017. Effects of different sewage sludge applications on heavy metal accumulation, growth and yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). International Journal of Phytoremediation, 19(4): 340-347.
    25. Filgueiras A.V., Lavilla I., and Bendicho C. 2002. Chemical sequential extraction for metal partitioning in environmental solid samples. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 4 (6): 823- 857.
    26. Galavi, M., Jalali A., Mousavi, S.R., and Galavi, H. 2009. Effect of treated municipal wastewater on forage yield, quantitative and qualitative properties of sorghum (S. bicolor Speed feed). Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 8: 489-494.
    27. Ghafoori, M., Majid, N.M., Islam, M.M., and Luhat, S. 2011. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by Dyera costulata cultivated in sewage sludge contaminated soil. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10:10674-10682.
    28. Hanay, O., Hasar, H., Kocer, N.N., and Aslan, S. 2008. Evaluation for agricultural usage with speciation of heavy metals in a municipal sewage sludge. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 81(1): 42-46.
    29. Hargreaves, J.C., Adl, M.S., and Warman, P.R. 2008. A review of the use of composted municipal solid waste in agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 123: 1- 14.
    30. Havlin, J.L., Beaton, J.D., Tisdale, S.L., and Nelson, W.L. 2006. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers an Introduction to Nutrient Management. 7th Edition, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, India.
    31. Hosseini Khanmyry, N., Hashemimajd, K., Asghari, S., Oustan, S., and Keivan Behjou, F. 2012. Effects of Tabriz petrochemicals’ biological sludge on heavy metals concentration in soil and spring barley in greenhouse conditions. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture Soilless Culture Research Center. 2: (4). 83-93.
    32. Hosseinpour, , Ghajar Sepanlou, M., and oroush Salek Gilani, S. 2016. The Effects of Sewage Sludge and Chemical Fertilizers on Concentration of Some Microelements in Soil and Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.). Journal of Crops Improvement, 26 (2): 31-43. (in Persian with English abstract).
    33. Hossner, L.R. 1996. Dissolution for total elemental analysis. P 49-64, In Methods of soil analysis. Sparks, D.L., (ed.). ASA and SSSA. Madison, WI.
    34. Hualan, Z. and Xiulan, 2012. Effects of lime stabilized sewage sludge compost on soil physicochemical properties and heavy metal uptake by ryegrass. Advanced Materials Research, 414:306-311.
    35. Jackosn, M.L. 1973. Soil Chemical Analysis Prentice Halla of India Private Limited. New Delhi, indian.250p.
    36. Jahantigh, M. 2008. Impact of Recycled Wastewater Irrigation on Soil Chemical Properties in an Arid Region. Pakistanian Journal of Biological Sciences, 11 (18): 2264-2268.
    37. Jones, J.B., and Case, V.W. 1990. Sampling, handling and analyzing plant tissue samples. Sampling, handling and analyzing plant tissue samples. (Ed. 3), pp.389-427.
    38. Kafi, M., Borzooei, A., Salehi, M., Kamandi, A., Maassoumi, A., and Nabati, M. 2009. Plantenvironmental stress physiology. Mashhad University Jihad Press. 502 p. (In Persian).
    39. Kamal, A.T.M.M., Islam, M.M., Hossain, M.S., and Ullah, S.M., 2013. Influence of sewage sludge on yield and mineral contents of rice grain. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific Research, 26(1-2): 57-60.
    40. Kassray, R., Saedi, S., and Aliasgharzadeh, N. 2008. The study of biochemical effects of Tabriz petrochemical factory biological sludge application on a sample of Ahar region soils. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 15(2): 67-75. (in Persian with English abstract).
    41. Kumar, V. and Chopra, A. K. 2014. Accumulation and Translocation of Metals in Soil and Different Parts of French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Amended with Sewage Sludge. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.92 (1): 103-108.
    42. Kumar, V. and Chopra, A.K. 2015. Fertigation with agro-residue-based paper mill effluent on a high-yield spinach variety. International Journal of Vegetable Science, 21(1): 69-97.
    43. Kumar, V. and Chopra, A.K. 2016. Agronomical Performance of High Yielding Cultivar of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Grown in Sewage Sludge Amended Soil. Research in Agriculture, 1(1): 1-24.
    44. Lindsay, W.L. and Norwell, W.A. 1978. Development of DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 46: 260-264.
    45. Maas, E.V. and Hoffman, G. J. 1977. Crop salt tolerance-current assessment. ASCE, Journal of the Irrigationand Drainage Division, 103(2): 115-134.
    46. Mackowiak, CL., Grossl, P.R., and Bugbee.,B.G. 2001. Beneficial effects of humic acid on micronutrient availability to wheat. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65(6): 1744–1750.
    47. McGrath, S.P., Zhao, F.J., Dunhum, S.J., Crosland, A.R., and Coleman, K. 2000. Long-term changes in the extractability and bioavailability of zinc and cadmium after sludge application. Journal of Environmental Quality, 29:87-883.
    48. Mehmet A.B., Akdeniz H., Yilmaz B.K.H. 2006. Possibilities of using sewage sludge as nitrogen fertilizer for maize. Acta Agriculture Scandinavica, Section B-Plant and Soil Science, 56:143-149.
    49. Melamed, R., Cao, X., Chen, M., and Ma, L. Q. 2003. Field assessment of lead immobilization in a contaminated soil after phosphate application. Scienceof the Total Environment, 305: 117–127.
    50. Milivojević, J.,  Jakovljević,M.,  Jelić,M., and Boškovićkočević,L. 2002. Investigation of methods for Fe, Mn and Zn solubility in the Smonitzas of Serbia.The Journal of Agricultural Science, 47(1): 9-18.
    51. Mirzaei, M.R., Kambozia, J., Sabahi, H., and Mahdavi, A. “Effect of different organic fertilizers on soil physicochemical properties, production and biomass yield of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum).” Iranian Journal of Crops Researches, 7(1): 257-267. (in Persian with English abstract).
    52. Mohamed, B., Olivier, G., Franc¸ois, G., Laurence, A.S., Bourgeade, P., Badr, A.S., and Lotfi, A. 2018. Sewage sludge as a soil amendment in a Larix decidua plantation: effects on tree growth and floristic diversity. Scienceof the Total Environment, 621:291–301.
    53. Mylavarapu, R.S. and Zinati, G.M. 2009. Improvement of soil properties using compost for optimum parsley production in sandy soils. Scientia Horticulturae,120: 426–430.
    54. Najafi, N., Mardomi, S., and Oustan, Sh. 2012. The effect of waterlogging, sewage sludge and manure on selected macronutrients and sodium uptake in sunflower plant in a loamy sand soil. Journal of Water and Soil, 26(3): 619-636. (In Persian).
    55. Neaman, A., Reyes, L., Trolard, F., Bourrie, G., and Sauve, S. 2009. Copper mobility in contaminated soils of the puchancavi valley, central Chile. Geoderma, 150: 359- 366.
    56. Nelson, D.W., and sommers, L.E. 1982.Total carbon,organic carbon,and organic mater ,pp,539-577 in:A.L.page ,R.H.Miller and D.R.keeney(eds,) Methods of soils analysis part2.
    57. Orman, S., OK, H., and Kaplan, M. 2014. Application of Sewage Sludge for Growing Alfalfa, Its Effects on the Macro-Micronutrient Concentration, Heavy Metal Accumulation, and Translocation. Ekoloji. 23(90): 10-19.
    58. Ouda B.A. and Mahadeen A.Y. 2008. Effect of fertilizers on growth, yield, yield components, quality and certain nutrient contents in broccoli (Brassica oleracea). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 10: 627–32.
    59. Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., and Keeney, D.R. 1982. Methods of soil analysis Part 2. 2nd ed. ASA and SSSSA. Madison, Wl. 9: 643-659.
    60. Parsafar, N., Marofi, S., Rahimi, G., and Marofi, H. 2015. Assessment of Pollution Index (PI) of Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb in the soil irrigated with municipal wastewater. Water and Soil Science, 25(1):1-12. (in Persian with English abstract).
    61. Pashapoor, N., Reyhanitabar, A., and Oustan, Sh. 2016. Determination of Iron Fractions and their Relations with Soil properties in Some Soils of East Azerbaijan. Water and Soil Science, 26(1): 205-215. (in Persian with English abstract).
    62. Prasanth, K. M., Sreekala, P. P., Sandeep, S., Kripa, P. K., and Sreejesh, K. K. 2013. Heavy Metals and its Fractions in Soils of Koratty Region, Kerala. Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 2: 171-176.
    63. Roads, J.D. 1996. Salinity: Electerical conductivity and total dissolved solids. In sparks, D.L. (ed.). Methods of soil analysis.SSSSA. Madison, Wl. Pp:417-435.
    64. Samaras, V., Tsadilas, D., and Stamatiadis, S. 2008. Effects of repeated application of municipal sewage sludge on soil fertility, cotton yield, and leaching. Agronomy Journal, 3: 477-483.
    65. Samavat, S., Tehrani, M.M., Bazargan, K., and Basirat, M. 2011. Instructions cheking of organic Matter. Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran. (In Persian).
    66. Shuman, L.M. 1991. In: Mortvedt J. J. et al. (Eds) Chemical forms of micronutrients in soils. p.113–144.
    67. Smernik, R.J., Oliver, I.W., and Merrington, G. 2003. Characterization of sewage sludge organic matter using solid-state carbon-13, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Journal of Environmental Quality, 32: 1516- 1522.
    68. Sohrabi, N., Alinejadian Bidabadi, A., Feizian, M., and Maleki, A. 2017. A Comparative Study of the Effects of Sewage Sludge on Heavy Metals Concentrations and Some Morphological Characteristics of Lettuce. Iranian Journal of Soil Research.31:3. 291-302. (in Persian with English abstract).
    69. Sukkariyah, B.F., Evanylo, G., and Zelazny, L. 2005. Recovery and distribution of biosolids-derived trace metals in a clay loam soil. Journal of EnvironmentalQuality, 34: 1843–1850.
    70. Tabande, L., and Karimian, N.A. 2012. Comparison of Two Laboratory Methods for Investigation Distribution of Iron Chemical Forms in Some Soils of Fars Province. Journal Water and Soil Science, 24(1): 41-54.
    71. Tabande, L. and Bakhshi, M.R. 2017. Effect of Fe-EDDHA on Soybean and Distribution of Chemical Forms of Iron in Soils of Fars Province. Journal of Water and Soil, 31(4): 1108-1119. (in Persian with English abstract).
    72. Tabande, L., Bakhshi, M.R., and Karimian, N.A. 2012. Comparison of Two Laboratory Methods for Investigation Distribution of Iron Chemical Forms in Some Soils of Fars Province. Journal Water and Soil Science, 24(1):41-54. (in Persian with English abstract).
    73. Tao, S., Liu W.X., Chen, Y.J., Xu, F.L., Dawson, R.W., Li, B.G., Cao, J., Wang, X.J., Hu J.Y., and Fang, J.Y. 2004: Evaluation of factors influencing root-induced changes of copper fractionation in rhizosphere of a calcareous soil. Environmental Pollution, 129:5-12.
    74. Tessier, A., Campbell, P.G.C., and Bission, M. 1979. Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate traces metals. Analytical chemistry, 51: 844-851.
    75. Vaseghi, S., Afyuni, M., Shariatmadari ,H., and Mobli, M. 2003. Effects of sewage sludge and soil pH on micronutrient and heavy metal availability. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 7 (3): 95-106.
    76. Vaseghi, S., Afyuni, M., Shariatmadari, H., and Mobli, M. 2005. Effect of Sewage Sludge on Some Macronutrients Concentration and Soil Chemical Properties. Jouranl of Water and Wastewater, 53: 15-26.
    77. Vaseghi, S., Afyuni, M., Shariatmadari, H., and Mobli. M. 2005. Effect of Sewage Sludge on Some Macronutrients Concentration and Soil Chemical Properties. Water and Wastewater Consultion Engineers.16(1): 15-22.
    78. Wang, S., Jia, Y., Wang, S., Wang, X., Wang, H., Zhao, Z., and Liu, B. 2010. Fractionation of heavy metals in shallow marine sediments from Jinzhou Bay, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 22(1): 23-31.
    79. Wei, X., Shao, M., Zhuang, J., and Horton, R. 2010. Soil iron fractionation and availability at selected landscape positions in a loessial gully region of northwestern China. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 56: 617-626
    80. Wei, Y.J. and Liu, Y. 2005. Effects of sewage sludge compost application on crops and cropland in a 3-year field study. Chemosphere, 59: 1257-1265.
    81. Wei, X.R., Shao, M.A., Zhuang, J., and  Horton, R. 2010. Soil iron fractionation and availabilityatselectedlandscape positions in a loessial gully region of northwestern China. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 56(4): 617-626.
    82. Wong, J.W.C. and Wong, M.H. 2000. The growth of Brassica chinensis in heavy-metalcontaminated sewage sludge compost from Hong Kong. Journal of Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environmental, 81: 209-216.
    83. Xian, X. 2003. Effect of chemical forms of Cadmium, Zinc, and Lead in polluted soils on their uptake by cabbage plants. Plant and Soil 113(2): 257-264.
    84. Young, K.C., Maurice, P.A., andHersman, LE. 2006. Acquisition of Fe from various natural organic matter is olates by aerobic pseudomonadbacteria. Geomicrobiol Journal, 23(3-4): 183-188.
    85. Yuruk, A. and Bozkurt M. 2006. Heavy metal accumulation in different organs of plants grown under high sewage sludge doses. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 15: 107-112.
    86. Zahedifar, M. 2018. Iron Fractionation in the Calcareous Soils of Different Land Uses as Influenced by Biochar. Waste and Biomass Valorization, pp.1-10.
    87. Zare, M., chorom, M., and Moallemi. N. 2015. Effect of Treated Urban Sewage Sludge on Soil Essential Nutrients, Soil Chemical Properties and Physiological Properties of Olive Tree. Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 37(2): 1-15.
    88. Zhou, Q., Gibson, C.E., and Stewart, B.M. 2003. Chemical forms  and extractability  of  iron  in  sediments  of  three  contrasting lakes of China and UK. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 15(6): 728-733.
    89. Zinati, G.M., Li, Y., and Bryan, H.H. 2001. Accumulation and fractionation of copper, iron, manganese, and zinc in calcareous soils amended with composts. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B. 36: 229-243.