مهندسی زراعی

شماره جاری

بر اساس شماره‌های نشریه

بر اساس نویسندگان

بر اساس موضوعات

نمایه نویسندگان

نمایه کلیدواژه ها

درباره نشریه

اهداف و چشم انداز

بانک ها و نمایه نامه ها

پیوندهای مفید

پرسش‌های متداول

فرایند پذیرش مقالات

تأثیر توپوگرافی بر ویژگی های خاک، عملکرد و کیفیت چای در منطقه ی لاهیجان

نوع مقاله : کاربردی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه علوم خاک دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، گیلان، ایران

2 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد گروه علوم خاک دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، گیلان، ایران

3 دانشجوی دکتری گروه علوم خاک دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

4 مربی پژوهشی پژوهشکده چای لاهیجان، لاهیجان، ایران

چکیده

توپوگرافی به عنوان یکی از فاکتورهای خاکسازی از طریق تأثیر بر توزیع آب در بخش­های مختلف زمین‌نما و همچنین اثر بر ویژگی­های‌ خاک می‌تواند از عوامل مهم و مؤثر بر عملکرد و کیفیت محصول باشد. این مطالعه به منظور بررسی اثر توپوگرافی بر ویژگی­های خاک، عملکرد و کیفیت چای در منطقه لاهیجان استان گیلان انجام شد. به این منظور از یک ترانسکت در شیب شمالی و یک ترانسکت در شیب جنوبی باغات چای منطقه، چهار موقعیت شیب انتخاب شد. در هر موقعیت شیب یک پروفیل حفر شد و در سه پلات اطراف آن نمونه‌برداری خاک از مرکز هر پلات (عمق صفر تا ۳۰ سانتی‌متر) و نمونه‌برداری برگ سبز چای در هر پلات انجام گرفت. ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک، عملکرد و کیفیت چای بر اساس روش‌های استاندارد تعیین شدند. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین درصد ماده­آلی، ازت و فسفر خاک مربوط به موقعیت پنجه شیب می­باشد و مقدار رطوبت اشباع جهت شمالی به طور معنی­داری بیشتر از جهت جنوبی است. همچنین بیشترین مقدار عملکرد و ویژگی­های کیفی چای شامل درصد تئافلاوین، تئاروبیجین، رنگ و شفافیت چای مربوط به موقعیت پنجه شیب دامنه شمالی می‌باشد. نتایج همبستگی نشان داد که ازت و ماده‌ آلی خاک دو پارامتر مهم و مؤثر بر عملکرد و کیفیت چای می‌باشند. بر طبق نتایج ارزیابی کیفی تناسب اراضی منطقه مطالعاتی، مهمترین عوامل محدود کننده شامل شرایط اقلیمی به ویژه حداقل درجه حرارت سردترین ماه و توپوگرافی (شیب) برای کشت چای در منطقه می‌باشدکه در موقعیت شانه شیب و شیب پشتی، پایین‌ترین کلاس تناسب (N) را موجب شده است. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of topography on soil properties, yield and quality of tea in Lahijan region

نویسندگان [English]

  • N. Yaghmaeian Mahabadi 1
  • N. Nobahar Deylami 2
  • M. Rahimi Mashkaleh 3
  • A. Fatemi Chookami 4

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran

2 M.Sc., Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran

3 Ph.D Student, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

4 Scientific Member, Tea Research Institute of Iran, Lahijan, Lahijan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction As one of the pedogenic factors, topography can be an important and effective factor on yield and quality of crop performance through affecting water distribution and soil properties in different landscape positions. This factor affects soil properties by changing the altitude, steepness and slope direction of lands. Understanding the soil limiting factors for the production of crop would help policy makers for the sustainable planning and management of the soils.  Among many landscape parameters, effect of slope position and aspect on the variability of soil quality attributes and yield were little studied. This study aims to investigate the effect of topography on soil properties, yield and quality of tea in Lahijan, Guilan province.
Materials and Methods Four slope positions were selected from one transect in the northern slope and one transect in the southern slope of tea gardens in Lahijan, Guilan province. In each slope position, one profile was drilled. Soil samples (0 to 30 cm depth) and green tea leaves were collected from in three plots (2 m2) around each profile. Physicochemical soil properties, yield and quality of tea were determined according to standard methods. So, this study was carried out in a factorial arrangement based on the completely randomized design with two factors, including slope position (summit, shoulder, backslope and toeslope) and slope aspect (northern and southern) with four replications. The data were analyzed by using SAS and graphs were plotted with the help of Excel program. Qualitative land suitability was also determined using simple limitation and parametric methods for tea production in this hilly region.
Results and Discussion The results showed that slope position significantly affected some soil physical and chemical properties including silt content, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, organic matter, available potassium and phosphorus. The highest content of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil of toeslope position can be attributed to soil erosion and transferred from top of the slope and their accumulation in this situation. The highest values of clay was found in the in the northern-toeslope position. The saturated water content in soil of the northern aspect was significantly higher than the southern aspect. The analysis of data showed that the interaction effect of slope positions and aspects on the yield and qualitative characteristics of tea, including the theaflavin, thearubigin, total color and brightness was statistically significant. Yield was the highest (3112 kg/ha) and the lowest (1762 kg/ha) in the northern-toeslope and southern-shoulder positions, respectively. The highest amount of theaflavin, thearubigin, total color and brightness were related to the northern-toeslope position. The northern aspect of all slope positions had more yield than the southern aspect that have contributed to higher amount of organic matter and saturated water content in northern aspect. Correlation analysis revealed that tea yield, thearubigin and brightness were significantly positively correlated with soil organic matter (P value < 0.05) also tea yield, theaeflavin and total color positively correlated with soil nitrogen (P value < 0.05). Also, theaflavin was significantly and positively correlated with thearubigin (P value < 0.05). This correlation is probably due to the presence of common chemical precursors for the formation of two substances as well as the transformation of theaflavin to thearubigin as one of the path for the thearubigin formation. According to the land suitability evaluation, the climatic factors especially the minimum temperature during the coldest month of the year is the most important limiting factor for tea cultivation in the study area. Another limiting factor was related to the topography (slope), which caused the lowest suitability class (N) in the shoulder and backslope positions.
Conclusion Overall, the results showed that higher soil quality in northern-toeslope aspect lead to an increase in yield and quality of tea. The correlation results showed that soil nitrogen and organic matter are two important and effective parameters on the yield and quality of tea. This findings showed that the need to consider physiological characteristics of specific variety and the soil moisture and nutrients status in requirements tables for tea cultivation. Investigations on the soil-landscape relationship revealed that there is a strong link between the soil properties and the slope positions and aspects. More detailed studies would be helpful for the management of the sloping geomorphic surfaces.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Slope aspect
  • Slope position
  • Tea yield
  • Theaflavin
  • Thearubigin
مراجع
  1. Blake, G.R., and Hartge, K.H., 1986. Particle Density 1. Methods of soil analysis: Part 1—Physical and mineralogical methods, American Soc. of Agronomy Inc. Madison, USA.
  2. Bhuyan, L.P., Borah, P., Sabhapondit, S., Gogoi, R., and Bhattacharyya, P. 2015. Spatial variability of theaflavins and thearubigins fractions and their impact on black tea quality. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52 (12): 7984-7993.
  3. Carr, M.K.V. 2010a. The role of water in the growth of the tea (Camellia sinensis) crop: a synthesis of research in Eastern Africa. 1. Water relations. Experimental Agriculture, 46 (3):327-349.
  4. Carr, M.K.V. 2010b. The role of water in the growth of the tea (Camellia sinensis) crop: a synthesis of research in eastern Africa. 2. Water productivity. Experimental Agriculture, 46 (3): 351-379.
  5. Casanova, M., Messing, I., and Joel, A. 2000. Influence of aspect and slope gradient on hydraulic conductivity measured by tension infiltrometer. Hydrological Processes, 14 (1): 155-164.
  6. Ceddia, M.B., Vieira, S.R., Villela, A.L.O., Mota, L.D.S., Anjos, L.H.C.D. and Carvalho, D.F.D. 2009. Topography and spatial variability of soil physical properties. Scientia Agricola, 66 (3): 338-352.
  7. Chaplot, V., Bernoux, M., Walter, C., Curmi, P. and Herpin, U. 2001. Soil carbon storage prediction in temperate hydromorphic soils using a morphologic index and digital elevation model. Soil Science, 166 (1): 48-60.
  8. Das, S.K., and Tewari, V.K. 2004. Changes in tea shoots and made tea due to or during withering: A review. Journal of Food Science and Technology-Mysore, 41 (3): 235-239.
  9. Do., N.Q. and Le, T.K. 2000. Tea: Production-Processing-Marketing, Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi, 53-129.
  10. Dutta, R., Stein, A., Smaling, E.M.A., Bhagat, R.M., and Hazarika, M. 2010. Effects of plant age and environmental and management factors on tea yield in Northeast India. Agronomy Journal, 102 (94): 1290-1301.
  11. Egli, D.B., and Bruening, W.P. 2006. Fruit development and reproductive survival in soybean: position and age effects. Field Crops Research, 98 (2-3): 195-202.
  12. Gee, G.W. and Bouder, J.W. 1986. Particle size analysis. Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. Agronomy Ser. No. 9. American Soc. of Agronomy Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  13. Geroy, I.J., Gribb, M.M., Marshall, H.P., Chandler, D.G., Benner, S.G., and McNamara, J.P. 2011. Aspect influences on soil water retention and storage. Hydrological Processes, 25 (25): 3836-3842.
  14. Gilbert, J.A., Meyer, F., Jansson, J., Gordon, J., Pace, N., Tiedje, J., Ley, R., Fierer, N., Field, D., Kyrpides, N., and Glöckner, F.O. 2010. The Earth Microbiome Project: meeting report of the ―1 st EMP meeting on sample selection and acquisition‖ at Argonne National Laboratory October 6 th 2010. Standards in Genomic Sciences, 3 (3):. 249.
  15. Gregorich, E.G., Carter, M.R., Angers, D.A., Monreal, C.M., and Ellert, B. 1994. Towards a minimum data set to assess soil organic matter quality in agricultural soils. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 74 (4): 367-385.
  16. Guo, J.H., Liu, X.J., Zhang, Y., Shen, J.L., Han, W.X., Zhang, W.F., Christie, P., Goulding, K.W.T., Vitousek, P.M., and Zhang, F.S. 2010. Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands. Science, 327 (5968): 1008-1010.
  17. Hagen-Thorn, A., Callesen, I., Armolaitis, K., and Nihlgård, B. 2004. The impact of six European tree species on the chemistry of mineral topsoil in forest plantations on former agricultural land. Forest Ecology and Management, 195 (3): 373-384.
  18. Hajiboland, R. 2017. Environmental and nutritional requirements for tea cultivation. Folia Horticulturae, 29 (2): 199-220.
  19. Halajnia, A., Haghnia, G.H., Fotovat, A.M.I.R., and Khorasani, R. 2007. Effect of organic matter on phosphorus availability in calcareous soils. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 10 (4): 121-133. (In Persian)
  20. Hesami, R. 2005. Study of leaching, material transfer and soil evolution in some forest soils of Lahijan area. MSc. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan. (In Persian)
  21. Hill, P. A. 1988. Tonsteins of Hat Creek, British Columbia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Coal Geology, 10 (2): 155-175.
  22. Hojat Ansari, R., Hasanpour Asil, M., Hatamzadeh, A., Rabiei, B., and Roofigari Haghighat, S. 2008. Variations in theaflavin and thearubigin during fermentation time and their effects on brightness and total color in black tea. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 12 (43): 47-55. (In Persian)
  23. Iori, P., Da Silva, R.B., Ajayi, A.E., De, F.A., Silva, M., Souza, M., Junior, D., and De Souza, Z.M. 2014. What drives decline productivity in ageing tea plantation-soil physical properties or soil nutrient status?. Agricultural Science, 2 (1): 22-36.
  24. Jiang, P. and Thelen, K.D. 2004. Effect of soil and topographic properties on crop yield in a north-central corn–soybean cropping system. Agronomy Journal, 96 (1): 252-258.
  25. Khormali, F., Ayoubi, Sh., Kananro Foomani, F., Fatemi, A., and Hemmati, Kh. 2007. Tea yield and soil properties as affected by slope position and aspect in Lahijan area, Iran. International Journal of Plant Production, 1 (1): 99-111.
  26. Kottawa-Arachchi, J.D., Gunasekare, M.T.K., Ranatunga, M.A.B., Jayasinghe, L., and Karunagoda, R.P., 2011. Analysis of selected biochemical constituents in black tea (Camellia sinensis) for Predicting the quality of tea germplasm in Sri Lanka. Tropical Agricultural Research, 23: 30-41.
  27. Kravchenko, A.N., Robertson, G.P., Thelen, K.D., and Harwood, R.R. 2005. Management, topographical, and weather effects on spatial variability of crop grain yields. Agronomy Journal, 97 (2): 514-523.
  28. Kumar, R.S., and Sujith, S. 2011. In vitro mosquito larvicidal activity of marine algae against the human vectors, Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) and Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae). International Journal of Zoological Research, 7 (3): 272-278.
  29. Mahanta, P.K., and Baruah, S. 1992. Changes in pigments and phenolics and their relationship with black tea quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 59 (1): 21-26.
  30. Maleki, S., Khormali, F., Kiani, F., and Karimi, A.R. 2013. Effect of slope position and aspect on some physical and chemical soil characteristics in a loess hillslope of Toshan area, Golestan Province, Iran. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 20 (3): 93-112. (In Persian)
  31. Mohajeri, P., Alamdari, P., and Golchin, A. 2016. Effect of slope positions on physicochemical properties of soils located on a toposequence in Deilaman area of Guilan Province. Journal of Water and Soil, 30 (1): 162-171. (In Persian)
  32. Mudau, F.N., Soundy, P., and Du Toit, E.S. 2007. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrition on total polyphenol content of bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides L.) leaves in shaded nursery environment. HortScience, 42 (2): 334-338.
  33. Nelson, D.W., and Sommers, L. 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter 1. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. American Soc. of Agronomy Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  34. Nyabundi, K.W., Wanyoko, J.K., and Boiwa, M.C. 2016. Effects of compost manure on tea yields, black tea quality and soil health. Tea, 37 (1/2): 88-94.
  35. Obanda, M., Owuor, P.O. and Mang'oka, R. 2001. Changes in the chemical and sensory quality parameters of black tea due to variations of fermentation time and temperature. Food Chemistry, 75 (4): 395-404.
  36. Oh, K., Kato, T., Zhong-Pei, L., and Fa-Yun, L. 2006. Environmental problems from tea cultivation in Japan and a control measure using calcium cyanamide. Pedosphere, 16 (6): 770-777.
  37. Ollinger, S.V., Smith, M.L., Martin, M.E., Hallett, R.A., Goodale, C.L., and Aber, J.D. 2002. Regional variation in foliar chemistry and N cycling among forests of diverse history and composition. Ecology, 83 (2): 339-355.
  38. Olsen, S.R., and Sommers, L.E. 1982. Phosphorus. Methods of soil analyses, part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. Agronomy Monograph, 9: 421-422.
  39. Owuor, P.O., Kamau, D.M., Kamunya, S.M., Msomba, S.W., Uwimana, M.A., Okal, A.W., and Kwach, B.O. 2011. Effects of genotype, environment and management on yields and quality of black tea. In Genetics, Biofuels and Local Farming Systems. 277-307. Springer, Dordrecht.
  40. Owuor, P.O., Obanda, M., Nyirenda, H.E., Mphangwe, N.I., Wright, L.P., and Apostolides, Z. 2006. The relationship between some chemical parameters and sensory evaluations for plain black tea (Camellia sinensis) produced in Kenya and comparison with similar teas from Malawi and South Africa. Food Chemistry, 97 (4): 644-653.
  41. Pajand, m.j., Emami, h., and Astaraee, A. 2016. Relationship between Topography and some soil properties. Journal of Water and Soil. 26 (6): 1699-1710. (In Persian)
  42. Ping, X., Liyun, Y., Moucheng, L., and Fei, P. 2014. Soil Characteristics and Nutrients in Different Tea Garden Types in Fujian Province, China. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 5 (4): 356-364.
  43. Rezaei, H., Jafarzadeh, A.A., Alijanpour, A., Shahbazi, F., and Kamran, K.V. 2015. Effect of slope position on soil properties and types along an elevation gradient of Arasbaran forest, Iran. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 5 (6): 449-456.
  44. Rezaei, S.A., and Gilkes, R.J. 2005. The effects of landscape attributes and plant community on soil chemical properties in rangelands. Geoderma, 125 (1-2): 167-176.
  45. Salehi, M. H., Jazini, F., and Mohammadkhani, A. 2008. The Effect of topography on soil properties with a focus on yield and quality of almond in the Saman area, Shahrekord. Agricultural Research, 8 (2): 79-92. (In Persian)
  46. Sariyildiz, T., Anderson, J.M., and Kucuk, M. 2005. Effects of tree species and topography on soil chemistry, litter quality, and decomposition in Northeast Turkey. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37 (9): 1695-1706.
  47. SAS, I. 2013. Base SAS 9.4 procedures guide: statistical procedures. Cary, NC, USA: SAS Institute Inc.
  48. Scharbert, S., Jezussek, M. and Hofmann, T. 2004. Evaluation of the taste contribution of theaflavins in black tea infusions using the taste activity concept. European Food Research and Technology, 218 (5): 442-447.
  49. Sharma, N., Singh, N.K., and Bhadwal, M.S. 2011. Relationship of somatic cell count and mastitis: An overview. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 24 (3): 429-438.
  50. Smith, T.J. 2010. Using soil moisture trends across topographic gradients to examine controls on semi-arid ecosystem dynamics. Thesis, Boise State University.
  51. Stephens, W., and Carr, M.K.V. 1994. Responses of tea (Camellia sinensis) to irrigation and fertilizer. IV. Shoot population density, size and mass. Experimental Agriculture, 30 (2): 189-205.
  52. Sumner, M.E., and Miller, W.P. 1996. Cation exchange capacity and exchange coefficients. Methods of soil analysis part 3-chemical methods, American Society of Agronomy. Inc., Madison, WI, USA, pp:1201-1229.
  53. Sys, C., Van Ranst, E., Debaveye, J., and Beernaert, F., 1993. Land Evaluation part III, crop requirements. Agricultural publication, 7.
  54. Tanaka, T. 2002. Production of black tea pigments theaflavins, from green tea by treatment with various fruits International conference on tea culture and science. Shizuoka, Japan. 83-91.
  55. Thomas, G.W., 1982. Exchangeable cations. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, American Society of Agronomy. Inc., Madison, WI, USA, pp:159-165.
  56. Tsui, C.C., Chen, Z.S., and Hsieh, C.F. 2004. Relationships between soil properties and slope position in a lowland rain forest of southern Taiwan. Geoderma, 123 (1-2): 131-142.
  57. Wang, H., Xu, R. K., Wang, N., and Li, X. H. 2010. Soil acidification of Alfisols as influenced by tea cultivation in eastern China. Pedosphere, 20 (6):799–806.
  58. Wilding, L.P., Smeck, N.E., and Hall G.F. 1983. Pedogenesis and Soil Taxonomy, Part II: Soil Orders, Elsevier, New York, USA, 235-282.
  59. Wilson, J.P., and Gallant, J.C. eds. 2000. Terrain analysis: principles and applications. John Wiley and Sons.
  60. Yaghmaeian Mahabadi, N., Khosroabadi, M., and Asadi , H. 2017. Effect of forest clearing and topography on some soil physicochemical properties effective on soil quality in Saravan region, Guilan. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 31 (2): 278-291. (In Persian)
  61. Yang, J., and Liu, R.H. 2013. The phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity in different types of tea. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 48 (1): 163-171.
  62. Yao, L.H., Jiang, Y.M., Caffin, N., D’arcy, B., Datta, N., Liu, X., Singanusong, R., and Xu, Y. 2006. Phenolic compounds in tea from Australian supermarkets. Food Chemistry, 96 (4): 614-620.
  63. Yashin, A.Y., Nemzer, B.V., Combet, E., and Yashin, Y.I. 2015. Determination of the chemical composition of tea by chromatographic methods: a review. Journal of Food Research, 4 (3): 56-87.
  64. Yimer, F., Ledin, S., and Abdelkadir, A. 2006. Soil property variations in relation to topographic aspect and vegetation community in the south-eastern highlands of Ethiopia. Forest Ecology and Management, 232 (1): 90-99.
  65. YuanJun, Z., and Mingan, S. 2008. Spatial distribution of surface rock fragmenton hill-slopes in a small catchment in wind-water erosion crisscross region of the loess Plateau. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 51 (6):862-870.
مهندسی زراعی
دوره 42، شماره 4
اسفند 1398
صفحه 55-74
فایل ها
هم رسانی
ارجاع به این مقاله
آمار