نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• معصومه نجفی نیا ¹
• فرهاد خرمالی ²
• فرشاد کیانی ²
• مجتبی بارانی مطلق ²

¹ دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد علوم خاک دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

² هیئت علمی

چکیده

رسوبات لسی شمال ایران، حاوی اطلاعات ارزشمندی از شرایط اقلیمی و محیطی گذشته منطقه­ می­باشند. مطالعات سن­یابی و رسوب‌شناسی گسترده­ای بر روی لس­های میانی و اواخر پلیستوسن در دهه‌های گذشته صورت گرفته است؛ ولی نیاز به مطالعه­ مقایسه­ای در مورد رسوبات لسی قدیمی­تر، ضروری است. از این رو، این پژوهش با هدف مطالعه کانی­شناسی رسی و خصوصیات فیزیکوشیمیایی پالئوسول­های لسی اوایل پلیستوسن و مقایسه آن با خاک­های لسی مدرن در مناطق آق­بند، یلی­بدراق و قره­آغاچ استان گلستان انجام شد. پس از بررسی­های کامل گزارش­های خاک­شناسی و تفسیر عکس­های هوایی، در مجموع شش خاک­رخ حفر و مطالعه گردید. پس از مشاهده‌های مقدماتی و صحرایی و تعیین افق‌ها برای هر پروفیل در منطقه، رده‌بندی خاک­ها براساس سیستم­های جهانی خاک صورت گرفت. سپس از هر یک از افق­ها به مقدار کافی نمونه­ خاک برای انجام آزمایش­های فیزیکوشیمیایی و کانی­شناسی رس تهیه گردید. مقایسه نتایج آزمایش­های فیزیکوشیمیایی (نظیر رنگ، درصد آهک، میزان ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی، نسبت آهن و ...) در خاک­های لسی قدیمی و مقایسه آن با خاک­های لسی مدرن، نشان­دهنده این است که خاک­های لسی قدیمی، چندین مرحله خاک­سازی را گذرانده­اند. یکی از شاخص­های بررسی تغییر اقلیم گذشته در لس­ها، کانی­های رسی است. نتایج کانی‌شناسی رس نشان داد در خاک­های لسی اوایل پلیستوسن، وجود رس­های هوادیده­ای، مانند اسمکتیت در مقادیر بیش‌تر بیانگر شرایط مرطوب­تر و مساعد هوادیدگی در عصر بین یخچالی است و حضور رس­های اولیه و بدون تحول مانند ایلیت و کلریت در خاک­های لسی اواخر پلیستوسن، با اقلیم حال حاضر در منطقه مطابقت داشته، محیط خشک­تر کنونی را تأیید می­نماید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• لس- خاک قدیمی
• کانی‌های رسی
• آب و هوای گذشته
• ایران

موضوعات

• کانیهای رسی و میکرومورفوۀوژی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparison of the clay mineralogy of the early Pleistocene paleosols With modern loess-derived soils

نویسندگان [English]

• masoomeh najafinia ¹
• Fashad Kiani ²
• mojtaba Baranimotlagh ²

¹ Dept. of Soil Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

²

چکیده [English]

Introduction Loess sediments of northern Iran represent several cycles of climate change and evolution of the landform for the mid-to-late Quaternary. Climate change in elevations of Iran and its surrounding areas is very controversial in the mid and late Quaternary, and has been discussed in the past according to rainfall and rainfall periods and between rainfall, glacial and inter-glacial. Paleomegnatic results also indicate that these sediments have accumulated between, 1.8 to 2.4 million years ago. However, pedogenic processes and the effects of past climate in these soils still have not been fully investigated. The loess deposits in northern Iran are a valuable archive of regional paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental information. Extensive sedimentological and chronological studies have been carried out on the middle to upper Pleistocene loess during the past decades, but it is necessary to do a comparative research on the older loess deposits. So, this study aimed to conduct a mineralogical and physicochemical investigation on the early Pleistocene loess and to compare it with modern loess soils in Agh-Band, Yelli-Badrag and Qareh-Agach in loess plateau of eastern Golestan.
Materials and Methods The study area is located in a hot and dry climate in loess Plateau east Golestan. According to the previous studies, a total of six profiles were excavated and studied. Then, physicochemical properties such as soil texture, acidity (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), saturation moisture (SP), organic carbon (OM), cationic exchange capacity (CEC) and calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) were measured in the laboratory. Clay separation was carried out with a specific method to separate the clay as well as identification of clay minerals.  After preliminary field observations and determining the horizons for each profile in the region, soil classification was done based on soil taxonomy and WRB. Then, soil samples were prepared from each horizon for physicochemical and mineralogical studies in sufficient quantities.
Results and Discussion Comparing the results of physicochemical properties (such as color, lime percentage, the cation exchange capacity and the ratio of iron, etc.) in paleosol and modern loess soils indicates that in paleosol soils, soil forming processes have passed several stages. Clay mineralogy is a good indicator for past climate change studies in loess.The existence of the arglic horizons and the evolved calcic in paleosols and their absence, in comparison with the modern soils in which they are present, indicate the change in soil formation conditions. The change in the color of paleosols also represents the soil moisture and the more suitable conditions of the past climate (temperature, and especially rainfall) in comparison with the present climate of the region, this color change was due to activation of soil formation processes in paleosols. All paleosol samples had a higher clay content than the late modern loess soils of the Pleistocene, suggesting favorable climatic conditions for soil formation processes and the development of more ancient soil than parent materials. Decrease in the amount of annual precipitation in the region, compared to the past, has led to decreased smectit and increased chlorite. Therefore, presence of smectit cannot be attributed to the present situation of the region. The presence of these clay minerals in paleosols can be due to wet weather conditions as well as weathering of clay mineral deposits.  On the other hand, the dominance of less weathered clay minerals such as illite and chlorite in the late Pleistocene modern loess soils is correlated with the present dry climatic conditions.
Conclusion The simultaneous presence of modern and old loess soils in the studied areas demonstrates the general evolution of geographical and climatic conditions during the Pleistocene period which has altered the properties of these layers and ultimately left out the effects of high clay conditions, which is a combination of climatic evidence and intermittent pedogenic soil formation processes. The presence of early Pleistocene loess soils between late Pleistocene loess sediments in Golestan province and the conditions of the study provided pedological and mineralogical comparisons of modern and paleosols in these areas and the results clarified a part of the climate change in northern Iran. The past climate study allows for prediction of the current and future climate change process.  Therefore, a more accurate study of clay minerals as the key to all soil behaviors and past climate change in different parts of the eastern Golestan plateau can be very useful in completing studies of evidence of past climate change in paleosol soils

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Loess-paleosol
• Clay mineral
• Paleoclimate
• Iran