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زمین شیمی و شاخص های زمین زیست محیطی فلزات سنگین در گرد و غبار با منشأ داخلی در استان خوزستان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد گروه زمین شناسی، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز و مرکز پژوهشی منطقه ای ریزگردها، دانشگاه شهید چمران، اهواز، ایران

2 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه زمین شناسی، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، ایران

3 دانشجوی دکترای مهندسی محیط زیست دانشگاه آزاد، واحد علوم و تحقیقات اهواز و سازمان حفاظت محیط زیست استان خوزستان

4 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه زمین شناسی، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز و مرکز پژوهشی منطقه ای ریزگردها، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، ایران

چکیده

افزایش گرد و غبارهای داخلی از یکسو و پیامدهای بهداشتی این طوفان‌ها از سوی دیگر، موجب شده است که بررسی زمین­شیمی فلزات سنگین و شاخص­های زیست­محیطی طوفان‌های غبار در خوزستان، از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار باشد. در این راستا تعداد 40 نمونه گرد و غبار از اندازه­های TSP و PM10 با دستگاه نمونه­گیر High Volume Air Sampler ­گردآوری شد و غلظت فلزات سنگین وانادیوم، کبالت، نیکل، آرسنیک، کادمیوم، سرب و روی با روش ICP-MS (multi-acid digestion- Perkin Elmer-SCIEX ELAN 6000) تعیین گردید. داده­های حاصل نشان می­دهند، در نمونه­های TSP، میزان سرب از 11/8 تا 197 میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم  متغیر است و میانگین و میانه داده­ها نیز به‌ترتیب 6/23 و 15/11 میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم  می­باشد. میزان روی نیز در PM10 در این نمونه­ها از 4670 تا بالغ بر 5000 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم متغیر خواهد بود. در مورد نیکل نیز، غلظت این عنصر در نمونه­های PM10 از 8/5 تا 2/43 میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم متغیر می­باشد. کم‌ترین میزان کبالت نیز در نمونه­های PM10 بوده و از 6/0 تا 7/4 میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم  متغیر است. بیش‌ترین فراوانی وانادیم نیز در نمونه­های شهر اهواز مشاهده شد. نمونه­های PM10 نسبت به TSP بیش‌ترین میزان آرسنیک (12 میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم) را دارا هستند که از نظر بهداشتی بسیار نگران کننده است. پایین­ترین غلظت نیز، با میانگین 12/0 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم مربوط به عنصر کادمیوم است. براساس داده‌های حاصل از مطالعه فاکتور آلودگی، روند میزان فاکتور آلودگی عناصر بدین صورت است: سرب > روی > کادمیوم >آرسنیک > نیکل > کبالت> وانادیوم. میانگین درجه آلودگی نیز، در نمونه­های PM10 با مقدار حدود 40 میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم نسبت به نمونه­های TSPبا میانگین 10 میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم بسیار بیش‌تر است. در مورد فاکتور غنی­شدگی نیز، روند کادمیوم > روی > نیکل > سرب > آرسنیک > وانادیوم > کبالت صادق است. بالاترین غنی­شدگی آرسنیک نیز در نمونه­های PM10 مشاهده می­شود. از منظر شاخص آلودگی یکپارچه نیز، در نمونه‌های PM10، سرب، نیکل، وانادیم و کبالت غیر آلوده، کادمیوم آلودگی کم، آرسنیک آلودگی متوسط و روی آلودگی شدید را نشان می­دهند. در نمونه­های TSP عناصر وانادیوم،کبالت، آرسنیک رده غیر آلوده، عناصر سرب، نیکل، روی آلودگی کم و کادمیوم آلودگی شدید دارند. بررسی غلظت فلزات سنگین در گرد و غبارهای با منشأ مختلف تأیید می­نماید که آرسنیک در نمونه­های PM10 با منشأ داخلی میزان بالاتری دارد. بررسی­های فصلی نیز نشان می­دهد که میزان عناصر وانادیم، کبالت و آرسنیک در فصل گرم و مقدار سرب در فصل سرد بالاتر می­باشد. هم‌بستگی بالای کادمیوم (9/0) با کبالت، وانادیوم، نیکل نشان دهنده منشأ مشترک احتمالی این عناصر است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Geochemistry and Geo-Environmental Parameters of Heavy Metals in Dust with Internal Sources in the Khuzestan Province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Alireza Zarasvandi 1
  • Majid Heidari 2
  • Ahmadreza Lahijanzadeh 3
  • Sedigheh Jalali 4
  • Mohsen Rezaei 2
  • Madineh Saed 2
  • Zahra Fereydouni 2

1 Professor, Department of Geology and Dust Research Center, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran.

2 Ph. D Student, Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran

3 Ph. D Student of Environmental Geology, Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Ahvaz and Khuzestan Environmental Protection Office

4 Ms. C Student, Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction Dust storms or sand storms are some of the meteorological phenomena that demonstrate differences with one another terminologically. These kinds of storms usually occur under arid and semiarid areas in circumstances which the blowing speed of a gale is higher than the erosion threshold. In other words, Dust and sand storms are persistent problems in the Middle East Region. The regional dust storms have bad effects on the health of human life which can cause asthma, bronchitis and lung diseases, due to their carrying micro-organisms (such as bacteria, fungi, spores, viruses and pollen) and their sharp edged particles. Several studies researches have shown that microorganisms mobilized into the atmosphere along with desert soils are capable of surviving long-range transport on a global scale. Dust-borne microorganisms in particular can.
directly impact human health via pathogenesis,exposure of sensitive individuals to cellular components. The chemical components of dust are affecting the microbial life besides the precipitation, wind direction, time of day, season and atmosphere inversion conditions, all affecting the survival of total bacteria communities associated with dust particles, and the microbes are capable of surviving long distance transport. Dust storms have become a major environmental concern during the last decades in the oil- and gas-rich Khuzestan province in the southwestern Iran. Dust storms frequently occur in Khuzestan mainly during summer, and intense dust storms are particularly associated with easterly-blowing winds. High frequency (10-15%) and health outcomes of local dust storms in Khuzestan province, requires an extensive study on various factors of local storms such as heavy metal geochemistry and its environmental consequences are very important. In this paper, we present an overview of the geochemical and geo-environmental characteristics of dust storms in Khuzestan.
Materials and Methods Information about dust storms of source and coverage was obtained from meteorological stations in Khuzestan province. In this study, airborne dust samples were collected to obtain TSP and PM10 by using the high-volume air (HVA) sampler model TCR. The geochemistry of airborne dust samples was analyzed at the Actlabs (Canada). The concentration of V, Co, Ni, As, Cd, Pb and Zn was determined in Actlab, Canada, using ICP-MS method.
Results and Discussion The obtained results showed that Pb concentration in TSP samples ranges between 8.11 and 197 ppm with an average and median value of 23.6 and 11.15 ppm, respectively. The zinc content in PM10 samples, ranges between 4670 and 5000 ppm. Also, Ni has high concentration that ranges between 5.8 - 43.2 in PM10 samples. Lowest concentration of Cobalt is present in PM10 samples that ranges between 0.6 and 4.7 ppm. Vanadium has the highest concentration in Ahvaz samples. Also, PM10 samples include higher Arsenic concentration than TSP samples. Finally, Cd has the lowest concentration in all of the  studied heavy metals with the mean value of 0.12 ppm. Positive correlation (0.9) between Cu with V, Co and Ni shows probably a similar source for these elements. Investigation of heavy metals concentration in various dust storms confirms that arsenic has a higher concentration in local storms. Seasonal studies show that V, Co and As have high concentrations in warm periods and Pb has the highest frequency in the cold season, in Khuzestan province. Based on the study of Contamination Factor (CF), the mean CF of heavy metals was in the order Pb > Zn > Cd >As > Ni > Co> V. Also, Degree of Contamination (DC) factor of the studied heavy metals in PM10 samples with mean value of 40 ppm is higher than TSP samples with average value of 10 ppm. In relation to the Enrichment Factor (EF) for V, Co, Ni, As, Cd, Pb and Zn, the EF mean of these metals was in the order Cd > Zn > Ni > Pb > As > V > Co. The highest Arsenic enrichment factor can be seen in PM10 samples.
Conclusion The obtained results from calculation of Integrated Pollution Index (IPI) in PM10 samples showed that, V, Co, Ni and Pb are non-polluted. Also, Cadmium, Arsenic and Zinc showed a low, medium and high levels of pollution, respectively. Furthermore, based on IPI data in TSP samples, Co, As and V were non-pollution and  Pb, Ni, Zn showed low level of contamination. Finally, Cadmium in TSP samples in dicated a high level of Integrated Pollution Index.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Khuzestan Dust
  • Heavy metals
  • Geochemistry
  • Environmental factors
  • Correlation
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مهندسی زراعی
دوره 41، شماره 1
خرداد 1397
صفحه 105-126
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