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نقش ریشه گیاه در انتقال کلرید در خاک تحت شرایط جریان اشباع

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه خاکشناسی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز

2 استادیار، گروه خاکشناسی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز

3 کارشناسی ارشد، گروه خاکشناسی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز

4 دانشیار، گروه میکروبیولوژی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز

چکیده

منافذ درشت ناشی از رشد ریشه گیاه، مسیرهای آبگذری سریعی را برای انتقال آلاینده­ها در نیمرخ خاک فراهم می­کنند. هدف از انجام این پژوهش بررسی کمّی اثر ریشه­ گیاه بر حرکت یون کلرید در شرایط جریان اشباع در خاک بوده است. بدین منظور آزمایشی در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی اجرا شد. تیمارها شامل ستون­های خاک دست­خورده به ترتیب شاهد (بدون ریشه گیاه)، با ریشه گیاه و با ریشه سه ماه پس از برداشت گیاه ذرت بودند. تعداد 9 ستون خاک با بافت شن لومی تهیّه گردید. منحنی­های رخنه کلرید در حالت اشباع و به روش بار ثابت اندازه­گیری شد. از مدل جریان توده­ای-انتشار (CDE) و مدل روان ساکن (MIM) برنامه کامپیوتری CXTFIT  برای شبیه­سازی حرکت کلرید در خاک استفاده شد. نتایج آزمایش­ها نشان داد که تفاوت بین ویژگی­های هیدرولیکی تیمارهای مختلف چشمگیر بود و این تفاوت در سطح 5 درصد معنی­دار بود. تفاوت بین پارامترهای انتقال شامل ضریب انتشار آبی املاح (D) و سرعت جریان منفذی (v) در تیمارهای مختلف در سطح 5 درصد معنی­دار بود. مقدار پارامتر ضریب انتشار آبی در تیمارهای با ریشه گیاه و با ریشه سه ماه پس از برداشت و به ترتیب 65/2 و 71/3 برابر تیمار شاهد بود. سرعت جریان منفذی در تیمارهای با ریشه گیاه و با ریشه سه ماه پس از برداشت به ترتیب 36/1 و 52/1 برابر تیمار شاهد بود. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که منافذ درشت ناشی از رشد و باقی ماندن ریشه گیاه ذرت تاثیر معنی­داری بر ویژگی­های هیدرولیکی خاک و انتقال املاح دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Plant Roots on Chloride Transport in a Soil under Saturated Condition

نویسندگان [English]

  • M Aalipour Shehni 1
  • A Farrokhian Firouzi 2
  • A Koraie 3
  • H Motamedi 4

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Preferential flow is one of the major processes influencing the rapid movement of pollutants to ground water.  Macropores created by plant roots provide pathways for rapid transport of pollutants in a soil profile. The growth of plant roots into soil causes creation of big pores that improve water movement and solute transport through soil profile. Field soils or undisturbed soils have many different types of macropores. These macropores may contribute to preferential flow. Therefore, to better evaluate the macropores that are created by plant root in preferential flow, it is essential to isolate the macropore and examine that macropore individually. The main objective of this study was quantitative investigation of the effect of plant root on chloride transport through soil profile under a saturated condition.
Materials and methods: In order to investigate the influence of corn root system on soil hydraulic properties and chloride transport in soil an experiment was conducted in completely randomized design. The treatments were prepared as bare soil (control), soil with corn (Zea mays L.) root and soil with corn root 3 months after harvesting in 9 soil columns packed uniformly with loamy sand-textured soil (Bulk density=1.48 g/cm3). The particle size distribution and organic carbon of soil were determined. Saturated hydraulic conductivity was measured for each soil column using constant head method. The breakthrough curves of chloride were measured under saturated condition (constant head method). Before starting the displacement experiment, the soil columns were subjected to capillary saturation from the bottom with 0.01 M CaCl2 for two consecutive days. In order to establish steady state flow conditions, the soil columns were irrigated with a 0.01 M CaCl2 solution at a constant rate and less than 0.5 cm of water was ponded above the soil surface. The chloride concentration in the outflow samples was measured using an electrical conductivity sensor. For measuring the chloride breakthrough curves (BTCs), the 0.01 M CaCl2 solution was replaced by a 0.05 M CaCl2 solution. The chloride transport in the soil columns was simulated using CXTFIT Convection-Dispersion Equation (CDE) and Mobile-Immobile Model (MIM). A nonlinear least-squares program was used to fit the convection-dispersion equation (CDE) and the physical nonequilibrium model (MIM) to the experimental data.
Results and Discussion: The research result showed that macropores created by growing and remaining of plant root (Zea mayz L.) have a significant effect on soil hydraulic properties and solute transport.The results indicated that there is significant difference between soil hydraulic properties (saturated hydraulic conductivity and Darcy's flux density) in different treatments (p<0.05). Darcy's flux density indices in soil columns were 1.23 and 1.31 times more than control treatment in plant root and plant root 3 months after harvesting treatments, respectively. The two models (CDE and MIM) fit the BTCs curve data well. Models fits were excellent with R2 values from 0.85 to 0.97. The CDE parameters (D and ν) in treatments had significant difference (p<0.05). Dispersion coefficient (D) values were 2.65 and 3.71 times more than control treatment in plant root and plant root after 3 months harvest treatments, respectively. Pore water velocity (ν) values were 1.36 and 1.52 times more than control treatment in the mentioned treatments.The breakthrough curves of soil with corn (Zea mays L.) root and soil with corn root after 3 months harvest treatments were asymmetrical in shape (asymmetrical with respect to the C/C0=0.5 point on the BTCs). The relative concentration C/C0 in the effluent is obtained before one pore volume of chloride is passed through the soil column.
Conclusion: High flow velocity, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and dispersion coefficient (D) of the soil columns treated with plant root or with plant root after 3 months harvest indicated the presence of macropores in the soil that is created by deep corn root system. The early breakthrough of chloride BTCs reveals the existence of preferential flow, suggesting that a portion of chloride moves through soil macropores. The occurrences of preferential flow were attributed to well-connected macropores created by plant roots and decayed corn root 3 months after harvesting. Furthermore, the results of this research indicated that when considering solute transport in agricultural soil the effect of plant root needs to be considered.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Plant root
  • Dispersion coefficient
  • Preferential flow
  • Chloride
  • Hydraulic conductivity
مراجع
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مهندسی زراعی
دوره 38، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 1
تیر 1394
صفحه 95-107
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هم رسانی
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