Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

Introduction: Wind erosion is not only a basic geomorphic process of eroding and altering landforms but also one of the main causes of sandy desertification in arid and semiarid areas (Chepil 1945; Nordstrom and Hotta 2004). Single-grained, fine sand dunes are usually composed of none-strength materials with a low water retention that make them susceptible to wind erosion. They lack organic matter and are inherently of low fertility (Ahmadi, 2002). Therefore, sand dunes and drift areas require non-oil artificial covers for their stabilization and that of the vegetation cover (Rezaie, 2009). The covering material types include oil (Rezaie, 2009), flat crop residues (Chepil, 1944; Bilbro and Fryrear, 1994), standing residues (Siddoway et al., 1965; Bilbro and Fryrear, 1994), pebble (Li et al., 2001), cotton gin trash, clay, gravel, picket fence, brush, straw, and hay (Fryrear, 1985). Soil properties including compressive strength, plasticity, compactibility, strength characteristics, elastic modulus, crushing strength, unconfined compressive strength, erodibility, shear strength, and permeability have been investigated for evaluating mulch effectiveness. Improvements have been achieved in sand dune stabilization by decreasing permeability and enhancing strength properties. The effect of soil properties on wind erosion has been studied through shear strength of soil surface which includes a frictional term (due to inter-particle frictional strength) and a cohesive term (due to intrinsic bonds among particles) (Koolen and Kuipers, 1983; Alizade, 2009). As regards the factors influencing soil shear strength, soil particle diameter, bulk density, cohesion, aggregate index, water content, crust, and organic matter have all been found to influence wind erosion (Raji et al., 2004; Homauoni and Yasrobi, 2011). Based on these observations, it may be hypothesized that soil cohesion caused by mulching operations could be effective in reducing wind erosion. Filter Cake is residue produced in huge amounts by the agro-industry that is composed of cellulosic substances, CaCO3, N, P, K, organic matter, and clay. The objective of this research is feasibility of Filter Cake using as a Khuzestan sugarcane residues for adopted-environmental mulch production.
 Materials and Methods For this purpose, Factorial experiments in completely random design form were conducted that factors included mulch kind(5 organic mulch and oil mulch), thickness(1 or 2 layers) and precipitation. In this study, Filter cake and clay soil samples (Albaji-Ahvaz) were used to make sugarcane mulches. A sand dune sample was selected as bed for applying the mulch. To select the right ingredient and treatments, Filter cake, clay samples were mixed with water in try and error, and producted suspension sprayed on sand dune bed. Surface surface soil shear strength, penetration resistance, soil adhesion and mulch’s internal frictional angle and erodibility were measured by shear vane, penetrometer, Zhang’s shear device, wind tunnel respectively.
 Results and Discussion The results determined that there is significant effect (p<0.01) on surface shear strength and penetration resistance in different much and thickness. But there is no significant effect on soil adhesion and mulch’s internal frictional angle because Zhang’s shear device hasn’t essential sensitive to differentiate them. Based on this research, Mulch 1(50g clay+150 g Filter Cake) is selected as superior mulch in Ahvaz sand dune stabilization because of higher surface shear strength and penetration resistance rate. It is defined as the resistance soil materials can offer against shear stress. This property is directly related to the cohesive and friction forces between soil particles (Koolen and Kuipers, 1983; Knapen et al., 2007; Khalilmoghadam et al., 2009) and, thereby, related to soil intrinsic properties such as clay content, salinity, and organic matter content (Horn et al., 1994). Sugarcane residues due to their effects on cohesive forces affect soil strength via the physical and chemical properties of Filter Cake. In this study, increases in SAR were found to be inversely proportional to SSS and PR. With identical values of SAR, treatments with higher EC values exhibited greater saturated SSS and PR. This shows the adjusting effect of EC on SAR effects.  It is, therefore, concluded that the combined Filter Cake and clay soil could strongly affect soil resistance to erosive shearing stresses and wind erosion under environmental conditions.  
 Conclusion Sugarcane mulches were shown to be effective in stabilizing sand dunes as compared to oil mulches. It is, therefore, concluded that the combined Filter Cake strongly influence to erode under environmental conditions.

Keywords

  1. 1.    Abedi Kopaei, J. 2001. Improve soils contaminated by heavy metals used in Hyprakymvlatvrha. 1st Ground Improvement Conference. Tehran Amirkabir University of Technology: 543- 553.

    1. Al-Kasir, J., and Maknali, N. 1997. The effects of filter cake and bagasse on the performance of Khuzestan sugercane. Sugarcane Research Center Khuzestan province.
    2. Annual Sugercane research center report. 2005. Amir Kabir research center. Part of water and soil.
    3. Armbrust, D.V. 1977. A review of mulches to control wind erosion. Transactions of the ASAE, 20: 904- 910.
    4. Beaton Jones, J., and Case, V.W. 1990. Sampling, handling and analysing plant tissue samples. P 784, In: Westerman, R.L. (eds.). Soil testing and plant analysis. 3rd ed. SSSA, Inc. Madison Wisconsin, USA.
    5. Bijanpoor, H., Ansari, M. S., Hosseininejad, A. L., and Abedinzadeh, M. 2012. Study of using filter cake in sugarcane field and its effect on yield. 5th National congress Sugercane technology of Iran, 65-69. (in Persian).
    6. Diouf B., Skidmore E.L., Layton J.B., and Hagen L.J. 1990. Stabilizing fine sand by adding clay: Laboratory wind tunnel study. Soil Technology, 3: 21-23.
    7. Gee, G.W., and Bauder, J. W. 1986. Method of soil analysis. Particle size analysis. In: A. klute(ed). Soil Science Society of America Journal, 383-411.
    8. Genis, A., Vulfson, L., and Ben-Asher, J. 2012. Combating wind erosion of sandy soils and crop damage in the coastal deserts: Wind tunnel experiments. Aeolian Research, 9: 69-73.
    9. Hagen, L.J. 2010. Erosion by wind: Modeling. In: Lal, R. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Soil Science. London: Taylor and Francis publishers.
    10. Hazirei, F., Zare Ernani, M. 2013. Investigation of Effect of Clay-Lime Mulch for Sand Dunes Fixation. Journal of Water and Soil, 27(2): 373-380.
    11. Khalili Moghadam, B. Afyuni, M. Jalalian, A. Abbaspour, K.C., and Dehghani, A.A. 2011. Estimation surface soil shear strength by pedo-transfer functions and soil Spatial prediction functions. Journal of Water and Soil, 25(1): 187-195. (in Persian with English abstract).
    12. Linsay, W.L., and Norvel, W.A. 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for Zinc, Iron, Manganese and Copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42: 421-428.
    13. Majdi, H. Karimian eghbal, M. Karimzade, H.R., and Jalalian, A. Effect of clay mulches on amount of aeolian dust. 2006. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resource. 10(3): 137-148. (in Persian).
    14. Mahmoodabadi, M., Dehghani, F., and Azimzadeh, H.R. 2011. Effect of soil particle size distribution on wind erosion rate. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production. 1(1): 81-98.
    15. Poya Far, A.M., and Asgari Moghaddam, Z. 2000. Investigation of enviromental impact of applying oil mulch. Journal of Forest and Range. 70: 36-41.
    16. Presley, D., and Tatarko, J. 2009. Principles of wind erosion and its control. Kansas State University, Department of Agronomy, K-State Research and Extension Publication MF-2860.
    17. Rahbar, E., and Darvish, M. 2005. A review of research on oil mulch. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 12(1): 63-71.
    18. Refahi, H. 1999. Wind Erosion and Control. Tehran University. Press, 320 p.
    19. Rezaie, S.A. 2009.Comparison between Polylatice polymer and petroleum mulch on seed germination and plant establishment in sand dune fixation. Iranian journal of Range and Desert Reseach. 16(1):124-136. (in Persian with English abstract).
    20. Rhoades, J.D. 1996. Methods of soil analysis. salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solid. Part 3-chemical methods. In: sparks, D. L. (Ed). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Inc. Book series, No. 5, Madison, WI. ISBN: 0-89118-825-8. 417-435.
    21. Salmasi R. 2013. Test the feasibility of Khuzestan active dune stabilization using two types of mulch. Dust confrence. Tehran. September.
    22. Santoni, R.L., Tingle, J.S.; Webster, S.L. 2001. Engineering properties of sand-fiber mixtures for road construction. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 127, 3. pp. 258-268.
    23. Thomas, G.W. 1996. Soil pH and soil Acidity. In: sparks, D.L. (Ed). Methods of soil analysis. Part 3- Chemical Methods. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Inc. Book series, Madison, WI. No. 5. pp: 475-490.
    24. Wu, C.L., Chau, K.W., and Huang, J.S. 2007. Modelling coupled water and heat transport in a soil–mulch–plant atmosphere continuum (SMPAC) system. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 31 :152-169.
    25. Yahia, M. Al-Aghbari, M. Ramzi, T. 2006. Stabilization of desert sands using municipal solid waste incinerator ash. Journal of Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 24 (6): 1767-1780.
    26. Yan, Y., Liu, X., li, W., Li, C. 2006. Effect of different mulch materials on winter wheat production in desalinized soil in Heilonggang region of North China. Journal of Zhejiang University Science, 7(11): 858-867 .
    27. Yang, K. and Tang, Z. 2012. Effectiveness of Fly Ash and Polyacrylamide as a sand-fixing agent for wind erosion control. Journal of water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 223 (7): 4065-4074.